BIO-SYNTHESIS - Custom Antibody Custom Peptide Synthesis Custom SiRNA Synthesis

Large Scale Custom Peptide Synthesis

2011-08-30T14:22:00.002-08:00

Bio-Synthesis has been producing synthetic peptides for over 25 years. Our expertise in custom synthetic polypeptide manufacturing allows us to produce the high-quality, large-scale, and GMP peptides with the highest success rate with long standing records. We have been delivered more than 100,000 peptides to customers worldwide, including very hydrophobic polypeptide, peptide with multiple disulfide bonds, multi-phosph0rylated peptides and extremely long peptides. Our large scale non-GMP ever delivered 5 kilograms of peptides on a single order and has the capacity of 10,000 peptides per month. Our capacity of GMP peptide is 10 kilograms.

Peptide Applications

Peptide applications play an important role in biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology and medicine. In the human body, most if not all biological/physiological processes are regulated by various forms of molecular recognition. Most of these processes involve initiation or inhibition trough protein-protein interaction. As we know peptides and proteins due to the vast number of conformational possibilities are ideal to carry out such complex control functions.

Use of Synthetic Peptides

Synthetic peptides have been widely used for many purposes like: structure-function studies of polypeptides, as peptide hormones and hormone analogues, in the preparation of cross-reacting antibodies, in the design of novel enzyme and in drug discovery.

Biologically Active Peptides

The last 40 years have seen an enormous growth in the methodologies available to obtain peptide and protein molecules. Through recombinant methods, most labs can now assemble genes, subcloned into expression vectors and obtain a wide range of endogenous proteins; likewise the pioneering work of Bruce Merrifield, makes it possible to obtain large scale with multikilo amounts of a number of biologically active peptides.

LKB1 Antibody

2011-08-30T14:11:00.004-08:00

LKB1 Antibody

Catalog#:3987

The LKB1 serine/threonine protein kinase was initially identified as a tumor suppressor gene mutated in human Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), a condition resulting in the growth of numerous intestinal polyps classed as hamartomas. LKB1 exists as a heterotrimeric complex with two other proteins, Ste20-related adaptor protein (STRAD) and MO25. Together, this complex can phsophorylate and activate the AMP-activate protein kinase (AMPK). Following AMPK activation by LKB1, AMPK then phosphorylates TSC1 and TSC2, key components of the metabolism-regulating TOR signaling pathway, which antagonizes the activation for the TOR pathway. LKB1 has also been shown to play a fundamental role in controlling the spatial orientation of structures required to maintain an ordered, polarized epithelium. LKB1 often migrates at a higher than expected molecular weight in SDS-PAGE.

Additional Names: LKB1, Serine-threonine protein kinase 11, STK11, NT-REN-19 antigen

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of LKB1 in PC-3 cell lysate with LKB1 antibody at 1 µg/ml in the (A) absence or (B) presence of blocking peptide.

Source:LKB1 antibody was raised against a 15 amino acid peptide from near the carboxy terminus of human LKB1.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: LKB1 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: LKB1 antibody can be used for detection of LKB1 by Western blot at 0.5 – 1 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 3987P - LKB1 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: LKB1 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1216 - PC-3 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M
GI Number: 17939640
Accession Number: AAH19334
Short Description: Serine-threonine protein kinase 11
References
1. Hemminki A, Markie D, Tomlinson I, et al. A serine/threonine kinase gene defective in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Nature 1998; 391:184-7.
2. Boudeau J, Baas AF, Deak M, et al. MO25alpha/beta interact with STRADalpha/beta enhancing their ability to bind, activate and localize LKB1 in the cytoplasm. EMBO J. 2003; 22:5102-14.
3. Hawley SA, Boudeau J, Reid JL, et al. Complexes between the LKB1 tumor suppressor, STRADalpha/beta and MO25alpha/beta are upstream kinases in the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade. J. Biol. 2003; 2:28

KINDLIN3 Antibody

2011-08-30T14:03:00.003-08:00

KINDLIN3 Antibody

Catalog#:4797

The three KINDLINs are a novel family of focal adhesion proteins, localizing to integrin adhesion sites. The KINDLIN proteins are composed of a centrally located FERM domain interrupted by a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. KINDLIN1 and KINDLIN2 have been shown to play an essential role in integrin-mediated adhesion and spreading. In contrast to the widely expressed KINDLIN1 and KINDLIN2, KINDLIN3 is restricted to hematopoietic cells and is particularly abundant in megakaryocytes and platelets. Several reports describe a transcriptional misregulation of KINDLINs in various types of cancer. A recent study demonstrates that KINDLIN3 is essential for platelet integrin activation and subsequent integrin outside-in signaling, suggesting it may serve as a potential target for the design of therapeutics aimed at specifically disrupting integrin activation in platelets and leukocytes.

Additional Names: KINDLIN3, Fermitin family homolog 3, FERMT, Unc-112-related protein 2, MIG2-like protein, KIND3, MIG2B, URP2

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of KINDLIN3 in rat spleen lysate with KINDLIN3 antibody at (A) 1 and (B) 2 µg/ml.

Source:KINDLIN3 antibody was raised against a 19 amino acid peptide near the carboxy terminus of the human KINDLIN3.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: KINDLIN3 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: KINDLIN3 antibody can be used for detection of KINDLIN3 by Western blot at 1 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4797P - KINDLIN3 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: KINDLIN3 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1466 - Rat Spleen Tissue Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 41281905
Accession Number: NP_848537
Short Description: Fermitin family homolog 3
References
1. Ussar S, Wang HV, Linder S, et al. The Kindlins: subcellular localization and expression during murine development. Exp. Cell Res. 2006; 312:3142-51.
2. Weinstein EJ, Bourner M, Head R, et al. URP1: a member of a novel family of PH and FERM domain-containing membrane-associated proteins is significantly over-expressed in lung and colon carcinomas. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2003; 1637:207–16.
3. Boyd RS, Adam PJ, Patel S, et al. Proteomic analysis of the cell-surface membrane in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: identification of two novel proteins, BCNP1 and MIG2B. Leukemia 2003; 17:1605–12.
4. Mory A, Feigelson SW, Yarali N, et al. Kindlin-3: a new gene involved in the pathogenesis of LAD-III. Blood 2008; 112:2591.

KappaB ras2 Antibody

2011-08-30T13:53:00.003-08:00

KappaB ras2 Antibody

Catalog#:2495

KappaB ras-1 (kappaB-ras-1) and kappaB-ras-2 are two small proteins that similar to Ras-like small GTPases that associate with IkappaB (IkappaB), an inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. IkappaB exists in two homologous forms, IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-beta, although IkappaB-beta contains a unique 47-amino acid region within its ankyrin domain. While inactive IkappaB-alpha-NF-kappaB complexes can shuttle in and out of the nucleus, IkappaB-beta-NF-kappaB complexes are retained exclusively in the cytoplasm. It is suggested that kappaB-ras proteins preferentially bind to the IkappaB-beta form through this unique insert within the ankyrin region, thus modulating the cellular location of IkappaB-beta and regulating the rate of degradation of IkappaB-beta. This antibody is specific for kappaB-ras2 and has no cross-reactivity to kappaB-ras1.

Additional Names: KappaB ras2, NF-kappaB inhibitor-interacting Ras like protein 2, kappaB-ras2, NKIRAS2

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of KappaB ras2 in RAW264.7 cell lysate with KappaB ras1 antibody at 1 µg/ml in the (A) absence and (B) presence of blocking peptide.

Source:KappaB ras2 antibody was raised against a 14 amino acid peptide from near the carboxy terminus of human KappaB ras2.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: KappaB ras2 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: KappaB ras2 antibody can be used for detection of KappaB ras1 by Western blot at 0.5 – 1 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 2495P - KappaB ras2 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: KappaB ras2 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1283 - RAW264.7 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 19072794
Accession Number: NP_060065
Short Description: NF-kappaB inhibitor-interacting Ras-like protein
References
1. Fenwick C, Na SY, Voll RE, et al. A subclass of Ras proteins that regulate the degradation of IkappaB. Science 2000; 287:869-73.
2. Chen Y, Wu J and Ghosh G. KappaB-Ras binds to the unique insert within the ankyrin repeat domain if IkappaBbeta and regulates cytoplasmic retention of IkappaBbeta x NF-kappaB complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278:23101-6.

2011-08-22T10:36:00.000-08:00

Use of Bioconjugates in Apoptosis

Bio-Synthesis has acquired years of experience in chemical conjugation of peptides, porteins, oligonucleotides, lipid, bifunctional ligands, antibodies and other biological molecules onto solid surfaces. Our goal is to be your one expert source when seeking new solutions from early drug discovery to delivery.

Bioconjugation Service

In some cases the carrier moiety can be a synthetic polymer such as poly-L-glutamic acid to which the drug paclitaxel has been conjugated. The actual mechanism of action is still being elucidated. Another carrier that has been used successfully are the cyclodextrins to which small pro-apoptotic agents can be linked. For example For instance a conjugate of anti-CD33 antibody and the amphipathic peptide KLA target efficiently CD33-positive myeloid leukemia cell lines to cause their apoptotic death induced by the D-(KLAKLAK)2 proapoptotic peptide.

Bioconjugates

The study of apotosis, the programmed death of cells, has direct applications to cancer a disease where tumor cells have developed mechanisms to avoid it and multiply without control. The fact that apoptosis is usually mediated by some cell receptors makes conjugates a valuable tool in elucidating apoptosis’ mechanisms as well drug development.

Bioconjugations

Cells over-expressing erbB2 and resistant to apoptosis can be killed more efficiently by a conjugate composed of an erbB2-binding heptapeptide conjugated to the proapoptotic a-tocopheryl succinate (a-TOS) rather than the unconjugated a-TOS. Use of the conjugate resulted in breast carcinomas in a breast cancer prone transgenic mouse strain. Recently it has been shown that conjugates of cytochrome c and oligoarginine linked by a thioether resulted in an increased entry into the cell, compared to cyt. c alone, and increase in apoptotic activity. In contrast a conjugate linked by a disulfide bond although entered into the cell did not enhance the apoptotic activity.

RNA Resources

2011-08-22T10:03:00.000-08:00

RNA Resources

With over 20 years experience in custom synthesis for the biomedical research communities, BSI has developed the expertise to deliver custom synthesized RNA with quality that meets all your RNAi, siRNA, shRNA and other RNA projects.

RNA

Ribonucleic acid or RNA is a nucleic acid made from a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate. RNA is very similar to DNA, but differs in a few important structural details: in the cell RNA is usually single stranded, while DNA is usually double stranded. RNA nucleotides contain ribose while DNA contains deoxyribose (a type of ribose that lacks one oxygen atom), and RNA has the nucleotide uracil rather than thymine which is present in DNA.

RNA Polymerases

RNA is transcribed from DNA by enzymes called RNA polymerases and is generally further processed by other enzymes. Some of these RNA-processing enzymes contain RNA as part of their structures. RNA is also central to the translation of some RNAs into proteins. In this process, a type of RNA called messenger RNA carries information from DNA to structures called ribosomes. These ribosomes are made from proteins and ribosomal RNAs, which come together to form a molecular machine that can read messenger RNAs and translate the information they carry into proteins.

RNA World Hypothesis

The RNA world hypothesis proposes that a world filled with RNA (ribonucleic acid) based life predates current DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) based life. RNA, which can store information like DNA and catalyze reactions like proteins (enzymes), may have supported cellular or pre-cellular life. Some hypotheses as to the origin of life present RNA-based catalysis and information storage as the first step in the evolution of cellular life.

For more information visit: www.biosyn.com

KappaB ras1 Antibody

2011-08-22T09:58:00.005-08:00

KappaB ras1 Antibody

Catalog#:2493

KappaB ras-1 (kappaB-ras-1) and kappaB-ras-2 are two small proteins that similar to Ras-like small GTPases that associate with IkappaB (IkappaB), an inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. IkappaB exists in two homologous forms, IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-beta, although IkappaB-beta contains a unique 47-amino acid region within its ankyrin domain. While inactive IkappaB-alpha-NF-kappaB complexes can shuttle in and out of the nucleus, IkappaB-beta-NF-kappaB complexes are retained exclusively in the cytoplasm. It is suggested that kappaB-ras proteins preferentially bind to the IkappaB-beta form through this unique insert within the ankyrin region, thus modulating the cellular location of IkappaB-beta and regulating the rate of degradation of IkappaB-beta. This antibody is specific for kappaB-ras1 and has no cross-reactivity to kappaB-ras2.

Additional Names: KappaB ras1, NF-kappaB inhibitor-interacting Ras like protein 1, kappaB-ras1, NKIRAS1
Description
Left: Western blot analysis of KappaB ras1 in RAW264.7 cell lysate with KappaB ras1 antibody at (A) 0.5, (B) 1 and (C) 2 µg/ml.

Below: Immunocytochemistry of KappaB-ras1 in RAW264.7 cells with KappaB-ras1 antibody at 1 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:KappaB ras1 antibody was raised against a 15 amino acid peptide from near the carboxy terminus of human KappaB ras1.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: KappaB ras1 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: KappaB ras1 antibody can be used for detection of KappaB ras1 by Western blot at 0.5 – 1 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, ICC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 2493P - KappaB ras1 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: KappaB ras1 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1283 - RAW264.7 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M
GI Number: 7008402
Accession Number: AAF34998
Short Description: NF-kappaB inhibitor-interacting Ras-like protein
References
1. Fenwick C, Na SY, Voll RE, et al. A subclass of Ras proteins that regulate the degradation of IkappaB. Science 2000; 287:869-73.
2. Chen Y, Wu J and Ghosh G. KappaB-Ras binds to the unique insert within the ankyrin repeat domain if IkappaBbeta and regulates cytoplasmic retention of IkappaBbeta x NF-kappaB complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278:23101-6.

KappaB ras Antibody

2011-08-22T09:54:00.004-08:00

KappaB ras Antibody

Catalog#:2491

KappaB ras-1 (kappaB-ras-1) and kappaB-ras-2 are two small proteins that similar to Ras-like small GTPases that associate with IkappaB (IkappaB), an inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. IkappaB exists in two homologous forms, IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-beta, although IkappaB-beta contains a unique 47-amino acid region within its ankyrin domain. While inactive IkappaB-alpha-NF-kappaB complexes can shuttle in and out of the nucleus, IkappaB-beta-NF-kappaB complexes are retained exclusively in the cytoplasm. It is suggested that kappaB-ras proteins preferentially bind to the IkappaB-beta form through this unique insert within the ankyrin region, thus modulating the cellular location of IkappaB-beta and regulating the rate of degradation of IkappaB-beta. This antibody detects both kappaB-ras1 and kappaB-ras2.

Additional Names: KappaB ras, NF-kappaB inhibitor-interacting Ras like protein, kappaB-ras, NKIRAS

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of KappaB ras in 293 cell lysate with KappaB ras antibody at (A) 2 and (B) 4 µg/ml. Below: Immunohistochemistry of KappaB ras in human lymph node tissue with KappaB ras antibody at 1 µg/ml.

Source:KappaB ras antibody was raised against a 18 amino acid peptide from near the center of human KappaB ras 1.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: KappaB ras antibody was raised in rabbit.
Application: KappaB ras antibody can be used for detection of KappaB ras by Western blot at 2 – 4 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 2491P - KappaB ras Peptide
Long-Term Storage: KappaB ras antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1210 - 293 Cell Lysate
2. Cat. No. 1369 - Human Lymph Node Tissue Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 7008402
Accession Number: AAF34998
Short Description: NF-kappaB inhibitor-interacting Ras-like protein
References
1. Fenwick C, Na SY, Voll RE, et al. A subclass of Ras proteins that regulate the degradation of IkappaB. Science 2000; 287:869-73.
2. Chen Y, Wu J and Ghosh G. KappaB-Ras binds to the unique insert within the ankyrin repeat domain if IkappaBbeta and regulates cytoplasmic retention of IkappaBbeta x NF-kappaB complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278:23101-6.

KAI1 Antibody

2011-08-22T09:50:00.003-08:00

KAI1 Antibody

Catalog#:4073

KAI1 was initially identified from a T-cell activation study as a four-transmembrane protein that plays an accessory role in T-cell activation, and was later determined to act as a cancer metastasis suppressor gene. This protein is ubiquitously expressed at moderate to high levels in most tissues, but its expression is downregulated during tumor progression. The loss of KAI1 and p53 is associated with poor survival for prostate and other cancer patients. Recently, KAI1 was found to interact with DARC, the Duffy antigen for chemokines using a yeast two hybrid screen. It is thought that tumor cells dislodged from the primary tumor and expressing KAI1 interact with DARC proteins expressed on vascular cells, transmitting a senescent signal to the tumor cells, while tumor cells that have lost KAI1 expression can proliferate and potentially give rise to metastases. At least two isoforms of KAI1 are known to exist.

Additional Names: KAI1 (CT), CD82 antigen, tetraspanin-27, Tspan-27, suppressor of tumorgenicity-6

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of KAI1 in A549 cell lysate with KAI1 antibody at (A) 0.5 and (B) 1 µg/ml.

Below: Immunohistochemistry of KAI1 in human colon tissue with KAI1 antibody at 2.5 μg/ml.

Other Product Images

Source:KAI1 antibody was raised against a 15 amino acid peptide from near the carboxy terminus of human KAI1.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: KAI1 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: KAI1 antibody can be used for detection of KAI1 by Western blot at 0.5 – 1 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4073P - KAI1 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: KAI1 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1203 - A549 Cell Lysate
2. Cat. No. 1320 - Human Colon Tissue Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 4504813
Accession Number: NP_002222
Short Description: (CT) a tumor metastasis suppressoer gene
References
1. HW Gaugitsch, Hofer E, Huber NE, et al. A new superfamily of lymphoid and melanoma cell proteins with extensive homology to Schistosoma mansoni antigen SM23. Eur. J. Immunol. 1991; 21:377-83.
2. Gil ML, Vita N, Lebel-Binay S, et al. A member of the tetra spans transmembrane protein superfamily is recognized by a monoclonal antibody raised against an HLA class I-deficient, lymphokine-activated killer-susceptible, B lymphocyte line. Cloning and functional studies. J. Immunol. 1992; 2826-33.
3. Dong JT, Lamb PW, Rinker-Schaeffer CW, et al. KAI1, a metastasis suppressor gene for prostate cancer on human chromosome 11p11.2. Science 1995; 884-86.
4. Kauffman EC, Robinson VL, Stadler WM, et al. Metastasis suppression: the evolving role of metastasis suppressor genes for regulating cancer cell growth at the secondary site. J. Urol. 2003; 169:1122-33

Amino Acid Analysis Protein

2011-08-17T09:31:00.001-08:00

Amino Acid Analysis Protein

Biosyn provides amino acids analysis service. Using ion exchange, post-column Ninhydrin detection, we provide precise determination of protein quantities, but also provide detailed information regarding the relative amino acid composition that gives a characteristic protein profile, which is often sufficient for identification of a protein.

An Essential Amino Acid

An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism and therefore must be supplied in the diet. Nine amino acids are generally regarded as essential for humans: phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine. Arginine is required by infants and growing kids.

Essential Amino Acids

Amino Acids are the chemical units or "building blocks" of the body that make up proteins. Protein substances make up the muscles, tendons, organs, glands, nails, and hair. Growth, repair and maintenance of all cells are dependent upon them.

Amino Acid

In chemistry, an amino acid is a molecule containing both amine and carboxyl functional groups. In biochemistry, this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H2NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent. In the alpha amino acids, the amino and carboxylate groups are attached to the same carbon, which is called the α–carbon. The various alpha amino acids differ in which side chain (R group) is attached to their alpha carbon.

JPH4 Antibody

2011-08-17T09:27:00.003-08:00

JPH4 Antibody

Catalog#:4923

Junctional complexes between the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) are a common feature of all excitable cell types and mediate cross talk between cell surface and intracellular ion channels. Junctophilins (JPs) are important components of the junctional complexes. JPs are composed of a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic segment spanning the ER/SR membrane and a remaining cytoplasmic domain that shows specific affinity for the PM. Four JPs have been identified as tissue-specific subtypes derived from different genes: JPH1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, JPH2 is detected throughout all muscle cell types, and JPH3 and JPH4 are predominantly expressed in the brain. In the CNS, both JPH3 and JPH4 are expressed throughout neural sites and contribute to the subsurface cistern formation in neurons. Mice lacking both JPH3 and JPH4 subtypes exhibit serious symptoms such as impaired learning and memory and are accompanied by abnormal nervous functions.

Additional Names: JPH4 (CT), Junctophilin 4, JPHL1, hJP-4

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of JPH4 in 293 cell lysate with JPH4 antibody at 1 µg/ml in (A) the absence and (B) the presence of blocking peptide.

Below: Immunohistochemistry of JPH4 in human brain tissue with JPH4 antibody at 2.5 µg/ml.

Other Product Images

Source:JPH4 antibody was raised against a 16 amino acid peptide near the carboxy terminus of human JPH4.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: JPH4 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: JPH4 antibody can be used for detection of JPH4 by Western blot at 1 – 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4923P - JPH4 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: JPH4 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1210 - 293 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 33585440
Accession Number: AAH55429
Short Description: (CT) T tubule, SR membrane, sarcoplasmic reticulum
References
1. Takeshima H, Komazaki S, Nishi M, et al. Junctophilins: a novel family of junctional membrane complex proteins. Mol. Cell. 2000; 6:11-22.
2. Kakizawa S, Kishimoto Y, Hashimoto K, et al. Junctophilin-mediated channel crosstalk essential for cerebellar synaptic plasticity. EMBO J. 2007; 26:1924-33.
3. Nishi M, Sakagami H, Komazaki S, et al. Coexpression of junctophilin type 3 and type 4 in brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2003; 118:102-10.
4. Moriguchi S, Nishi M, Komazaki S, et al. Functional uncoupling between Ca2+ release and afterhyperpolarization in mutant hippocampal neurons lacking junctophilins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2006; 103:10811-6.

JPH3 Antibody

2011-08-17T09:23:00.005-08:00

JPH3 Antibody

Catalog#:4921

Junctional complexes between the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) are a common feature of all excitable cell types and mediate cross talk between cell surface and intracellular ion channels. Junctophilins (JPs) are important components of the junctional complexes. JPs are composed of a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic segment spanning the ER/SR membrane and a remaining cytoplasmic domain that shows specific affinity for the PM. Four JPs have been identified as tissue-specific subtypes derived from different genes: JPH1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, JPH2 is detected throughout all muscle cell types, and JPH3 and JPH4 are predominantly expressed in the brain. In the CNS, both JPH3 and JPH4 are expressed throughout neural sites and contribute to the subsurface cistern formation in neurons. Mice lacking both JPH3 and JPH4 subtypes exhibit serious symptoms such as impaired learning and memory and are accompanied by abnormal nervous functions. A repeat expansion in JPH3 is associated with Huntington disease-like 2. At least two isoforms of JPH3 are known to exist.

Additional Names: JPH3 (CT), Junctophilin 3, JP3, JP-3, TNRC22, HDL2

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of JPH3 in Daudi cell lysate with JPH3 antibody at 1 µg/ml in (A) the absence and (B) the presence of blocking peptide.

Below: Immunohistochemistry of JPH3 in human brain tissue with JPH3 antibody at 2.5 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:JPH3 antibody was raised against a 18 amino acid peptide near the carboxy terminus of human JPH3.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: JPH3 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: JPH3 antibody can be used for detection of JPH3 by Western blot at 1 – 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4921P - JPH3 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: JPH3 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1224 - Daudi Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 21704283
Accession Number: NP_065706
Short Description: (CT) T tubule, SR membrane, sarcoplasmic reticulum
References
1. Takeshima H, Komazaki S, Nishi M, et al. Junctophilins: a novel family of junctional membrane complex proteins. Mol. Cell. 2000; 6:11-22.
2. Kakizawa S, Kishimoto Y, Hashimoto K, et al. Junctophilin-mediated channel crosstalk essential for cerebellar synaptic plasticity. EMBO J. 2007; 26:1924-33.
3. Nishi M, Sakagami H, Komazaki S, et al. Coexpression of junctophilin type 3 and type 4 in brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2003; 118:102-10.
4. Moriguchi S, Nishi M, Komazaki S, et al. Functional uncoupling between Ca2+ release and afterhyperpolarization in mutant hippocampal neurons lacking junctophilins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2006; 103:10811

JPH3 Antibody

2011-08-17T09:15:00.003-08:00

JPH3 Antibody

Catalog#:4931

Junctional complexes between the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) are a common feature of all excitable cell types and mediate cross talk between cell surface and intracellular ion channels. Junctophilins (JPs) are important components of the junctional complexes. JPs are composed of a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic segment spanning the ER/SR membrane and a remaining cytoplasmic domain that shows specific affinity for the PM. Four JPs have been identified as tissue-specific subtypes derived from different genes: JPH1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, JPH2 is detected throughout all muscle cell types, and JPH3 and JPH4 are predominantly expressed in the brain. In the CNS, both JPH3 and JPH4 are expressed throughout neural sites and contribute to the subsurface cistern formation in neurons. Mice lacking both JPH3 and JPH4 subtypes exhibit serious symptoms such as impaired learning and memory and are accompanied by abnormal nervous functions. A repeat expansion in JPH3 is associated with Huntington disease-like 2. At least two isoforms of JPH3 are known to exist.

Additional Names: JPH3 (IN), Junctophilin 3, JP3, JP-3, TNRC22, HDL2

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of JPH3 in Daudi cell lysate with JPH3 antibody at 1 µg/ml in (A) the absence and (B) the presence of blocking peptide.

Below: Immunohistochemistry of JPH3 in human brain tissue with JPH3 antibody at 2.5 µg/ml.

Other Product Images

Source:JPH3 antibody was raised against a 18 amino acid peptide near the center of human JPH3.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: JPH3 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: JPH3 antibody can be used for detection of JPH3 by Western blot at 1 – 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4931P - JPH3 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: JPH3 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1224 - Daudi Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 21704283
Accession Number: NP_065706
Short Description: (IN) T tubule, SR membrane, sarcoplasmic reticulum
References
1. Takeshima H, Komazaki S, Nishi M, et al. Junctophilins: a novel family of junctional membrane complex proteins. Mol. Cell. 2000; 6:11-22.
2. Kakizawa S, Kishimoto Y, Hashimoto K, et al. Junctophilin-mediated channel crosstalk essential for cerebellar synaptic plasticity. EMBO J. 2007; 26:1924-33.
3. Nishi M, Sakagami H, Komazaki S, et al. Coexpression of junctophilin type 3 and type 4 in brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2003; 118:102-10.
4. Moriguchi S, Nishi M, Komazaki S, et al. Functional uncoupling between Ca2+ release and afterhyperpolarization in mutant hippocampal neurons lacking junctophilins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2006; 103:10811-6.

Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) Fragments Products

2011-08-09T07:58:00.000-08:00

Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) Fragments Products

Definition
Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) is a component of plastid-located plant fatty acid synthetase. It binds acyl groups covalently via the prosthetic group, 4-phosphopantetheine, during the biosynthesis of fatty acids.

Discovery
Hansen L in 1987 identified three isoforms of ACP in barley leaves. Protein sequence data have been obtained for ACP I and II, and in addition genomic clones encoding ACP I and III have been characterized . A scheme has been devised for the preparation of semisynthetic derivatives of acyl carrier protein (ACP). Acetylated synthetic ACP is coupled via its activated pentachlorophenol ester to native ACP, which had previously been acetylated and converted to the S-5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate)(DTNB) derivative.

Structural Characteristics
Residue 1-74 of ACP, a 77-residue single-chain protein of E.coli with a 4'-hosphopantetheine prosthetic group, is a suitable, simple model to study the chemical synthesis of small proteins. The sequence of Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) (65-74) (acid) is H-Val-Gln-Ala-Ala-Ile-Asp-Tyr-Ile-Asn-Gly-OH.

The solution structure of B. subtilis ACP (9 kDa) has been determined using two-dimensional and three-dimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. The overall ACP structure consists of a four α-helical bundle in which 4-PP is attached to the conserved Ser36 that is located in α helix II. Structural data suggest that the two forms of ACP are essentially identical. The structural difference between B. subtilis ACP and both E. coli and act apo-ACP is not attributed to an inherent difference in the proteins, but is probably a result of a limitation in the methodology available for the analysis for E. coli and act apo-ACP.

Mode of Action
Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a fundamental component of fatty acid biosynthesis in which the fatty acid chain is elongated by the fatty acid synthetase system while attached to the 4-phosphopantetheine prosthetic group (4-PP) of ACP. Activation of ACP is mediated by holo-acyl carrier protein synthase (ACPS) when ACPS transfers the 4-PP moiety from coenzyme A (CoA) to Ser36 of apo-ACP. Both ACP and ACPS have been identified as essential for E. coli viability and potential targets for development of antibiotic . Circular dichroism of recombinant Vibrio harveyi ACP and mutant derivatives of conserved residues Phe-50, Ile-54, Ala-59, and Tyr-71 revealed that, unlike Escherichia coli ACP, V. harveyi-derived ACPs are unfolded at neutral pH in the absence of divalent cations; all except F50A and I54A recovered native conformation upon addition of MgCl2.

Functions

Synthesis of fatty acid sand phospholipids, acyl carrier protein (ACP) interacts with many different enzymes during the synthesis of fatty acids, phospholipids, and other specialized products in bacteria .

ACP structure and conformation, fatty acid attachment stabilizes mutant ACPs in a chain length-dependent manner, although stabilization was decreased for mutants F50A and A59G. Results indicate that (i) residues Ile-54 and Phe-50 are important in maintaining native ACP conformation, (ii) residue Ala-59 may be directly involved in stabilization of ACP structure by acyl chain binding.

Synthesis of membrane-derived oligosaccharides, the function of ACP in the synthesis of membrane-derived oligosaccharides is thus clearly different from that involved in lipid biosynthesis. The same molecular species of ACP that undergo enzymic acylation with long-chain fatty acid residues also function in the synthesis of membrane-derived oligosaccharides .

References

1. Hansen L (1987). Three cDNA clones for barley leaf acyl carrier proteins I and III. Carlsberg Res Commun., 52:381-392.

2. Hoj PB, Svendsen IB (1984). Barley chloroplasts contain two acyl carrier proteins coded for by different genes. Carlsberg Res Commun., 49:483-492

3. Suo Z, Tseng CC, Walsh CT (2001). Purification, priming, and catalytic acylation of carrier protein domains in the polyketide synthase and nonribosomal peptidyl synthetase modules of the HMWP1 subunit of yersiniabactin synthetase. PNAS., 98(1):99-104.

4. Flaman AS, Chen JM, Van Iderstine SC, Byers DM (2001). Site-directed mutagenesis of acyl carrier protein (ACP) reveals amino acid residues involved in acp structure and acyl-acp synthetase activity J Biol Chem., 276(38):35934-35939.

5. Therisod H, Kennedy EP (1987). The function of acyl carrier protein in the synthesis of membrane-derived oligosaccharides does not require its phosphopantetheine prosthetic group. PNAS., 84(23):8235–8238.

DNA Testing Lab

2011-08-08T08:11:00.000-08:00

DNA Testing Lab

Bio-Synthesis, an international provider of DNA testing services including: government agencies, private institutions, or individuals who need DNA testing for various reasons. We offer comprehensive services such as paternity, maternity and other kinship identification. Our facilities are operated under AABB accreditation guidelines for all your private or legal DNA tests.

Family Tree DNA

This DNA testing service includes a surname-based reconstruction program to help you connect with relatives when the conventional paper trail ends. Probably the most popular genealogy DNA testing service, with one of the largest DNA databases as well.

Genetic Fingerprinting

Genetic fingerprinting (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or DNA profiling) is a technique used to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA. Although two individuals will have the vast majority of their DNA sequence in common, DNA profiling exploits highly variable repeat sequences called VNTRs.

DNA and Labeling Techniques

A variety of probes can be used for in situ hybridization, depending on the application and the labeling strategy. In general, RNA probes (riboprobes) are now more commonly used. However, some laboratories may still prefer to use DNA probes for in situ hybridization.

JPH2 Antibody

2011-08-08T07:55:00.004-08:00

JPH2 Antibody

Catalog#:4929

Junctional complexes between the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) are a common feature of all excitable cell types and mediate cross talk between cell surface and intracellular ion channels. Junctophilins (JPs) are important components of the junctional complexes. JPs are composed of a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic segment spanning the ER/SR membrane and a remaining cytoplasmic domain that shows specific affinity for the PM. Four JPs have been identified as tissue-specific subtypes derived from different genes: JPH1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, JPH2 is detected throughout all muscle cell types, and JPH3 and JPH4 are predominantly expressed in the brain and contribute to the subsurface cistern formation in neurons. JPH2-null mice died of embryonic cardiac arrest and human patients with mutations in the JPH2 gene showed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, demonstrating the importance of this protein. Multiple isoforms of JPH2 are known to exist.

Additional Names: JPH2 (CT2), Junctophilin 2, JP2, JP-2

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of JPH2 in mouse brain tissue lysate with JPH2 antibody at (A) 1 and (B) 2 µg/ml.

Below: Immunohistochemistry of JPH2 in mouse skeletal muscle tissue with JPH2 antibody at 2.5 µg/ml.

Other Product Images

Source:JPH2 antibody was raised against a 17 amino acid peptide near the carboxy terminus of human JPH2.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: JPH2 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: JPH2 antibody can be used for detection of JPH2 by Western blot at 1 – 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4929P - JPH2 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: JPH2 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1.Cat. No. 1403 - Mouse Brain Tissue Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 21704281
Accession Number: NP_065166
Short Description: (CT2) T tubule, SR membrane, sarcoplasmic reticulum
References
1. Takeshima H, Komazaki S, Nishi M, et al. Junctophilins: a novel family of junctional membrane complex proteins. Mol. Cell. 2000; 6:11-22.
2. Kakizawa S, Kishimoto Y, Hashimoto K, et al. Junctophilin-mediated channel crosstalk essential for cerebellar synaptic plasticity. EMBO J. 2007; 26:1924-33.
3. Nishi M, Sakagami H, Komazaki S, et al. Coexpression of junctophilin type 3 and type 4 in brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2003; 118:102-10.
4. Matsushita Y, Furukawa T, Kasanuki H, et al. Mutation of junctophilin type 2 associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Hum. Genet. 2007; 52:543-8.

JPH2 Antibody

2011-08-08T07:52:00.004-08:00

JPH2 Antibody

Catalog#:4919

Junctional complexes between the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) are a common feature of all excitable cell types and mediate cross talk between cell surface and intracellular ion channels. Junctophilins (JPs) are important components of the junctional complexes. JPs are composed of a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic segment spanning the ER/SR membrane and a remaining cytoplasmic domain that shows specific affinity for the PM. Four JPs have been identified as tissue-specific subtypes derived from different genes: JPH1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, JPH2 is detected throughout all muscle cell types, and JPH3 and JPH4 are predominantly expressed in the brain and contribute to the subsurface cistern formation in neurons. JPH2-null mice died of embryonic cardiac arrest and human patients with mutations in the JPH2 gene showed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, demonstrating the importance of this protein. Multiple isoforms of JPH2 are known to exist.

Additional Names: JPH2 (CT), Junctophilin 2, JP2, JP-2

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of JPH2 in 293 cell lysate with JPH2 antibody at 2 µg/ml in (A) the absence and (B) the presence of blocking peptide.

Source:JPH2 antibody was raised against a 14 amino acid peptide near the carboxy terminus of human JPH2.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: JPH2 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: JPH2 antibody can be used for detection of JPH2 by Western blot at 1 – 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4919P - JPH2 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: JPH2 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1.Cat. No. 1210 - 293 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 21704281
Accession Number: NP_065166
Short Description: (CT) T tubule, SR membrane, sarcoplasmic reticulum
References
1. Takeshima H, Komazaki S, Nishi M, et al. Junctophilins: a novel family of junctional membrane complex proteins. Mol. Cell. 2000; 6:11-22.
2. Kakizawa S, Kishimoto Y, Hashimoto K, et al. Junctophilin-mediated channel crosstalk essential for cerebellar synaptic plasticity. EMBO J. 2007; 26:1924-33.
3. Nishi M, Sakagami H, Komazaki S, et al. Coexpression of junctophilin type 3 and type 4 in brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2003; 118:102-10.
4. Matsushita Y, Furukawa T, Kasanuki H, et al. Mutation of junctophilin type 2 associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Hum. Genet. 2007; 52:543-8.

JPH1 Antibody

2011-08-08T07:46:00.005-08:00

JPH1 Antibody

Catalog#:4917

Junctional complexes between the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) are a common feature of all excitable cell types and mediate cross talk between cell surface and intracellular ion channels. Junctophilins (JPs) are important components of the junctional complexes. JPs are composed of a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic segment spanning the ER/SR membrane and a remaining cytoplasmic domain that shows specific affinity for the PM. Four JPs have been identified as tissue-specific subtypes derived from different genes: JPH1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, JPH2 is detected throughout all muscle cell types, and JPH3 and JPH4 are predominantly expressed in the brain and contribute to the subsurface cistern formation in neurons. JPH1 is essential for stabilizing the T-tubule and SR membranes to form junctions and provide an environment for the assembly of receptors such as the ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1).

Additional Names: JPH1, Junctophilin 1, JP1, JP-1

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of JPH1 in 293 cell lysate with JPH1 antibody at (A) 1 and (B) 2 µg/ml.

Below: Immunohistochemistry of JPH1 in mouse skeletal muscle tissue with JPH1 antibody at 2.5 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:JPH1 antibody was raised against a 15 amino acid peptide near the carboxy terminus of human JPH1.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: JPH1 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: JPH1 antibody can be used for detection of JPH1 by Western blot at 1 – 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4917P - JPH1 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: JPH1 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1210 - 293 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 145337941
Accession Number: AAI39833
Short Description: T tubule, SR membrane, sarcoplasmic reticulum
References
1. Takeshima H, Komazaki S, Nishi M, et al. Junctophilins: a novel family of junctional membrane complex proteins. Mol. Cell. 2000; 6:11-22.
2. Kakizawa S, Kishimoto Y, Hashimoto K, et al. Junctophilin-mediated channel crosstalk essential for cerebellar synaptic plasticity. EMBO J. 2007; 26:1924-33.
3. Nishi M, Sakagami H, Komazaki S, et al. Coexpression of junctophilin type 3 and type 4 in brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2003; 118:102-10.
4. Phimister AJ, Lango J, Lee EH, et al. Conformation-dependent stability of Junctophilin 1 (JP1) and Ryanodine Receptor type 1 (RyR1) channel complex is mediated by their hyper-reactive thiols. J. Biol. Chem. 2007; 282:8867-77.

Labeling of Duplex DNA

2011-08-01T07:55:00.001-08:00

Labeling of Duplex DNA

BIO-SYNTHESIS is second to none in its ability to meet our customer's needs, often providing modified DNA with wide variety of selections. BSI offer duplex DNA synthesis and labeling at competitive prices and quick delivery. Bio-Synthesis continued to provide quality DNA products and services for the research community, Visit www.biosyn.com and see why partner with Bio-Synthesis for your custom duplex DNA needs.

DNA Nanotechnology

DNA nanotechnology uses the unique molecular recognition properties of DNA and other nucleic acids to create self-assembling branched DNA complexes with useful properties. DNA is thus used as a structural material rather than as a carrier of biological information.

DNA Repair

DNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as UV light and Radiation can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as 1 million individual molecular lesions per cell per day.

Adoption DNA Testing

It offers DNA testing services for people involved in adoption. We have specialized services for clients who are going through domestic or international adoptions, are hoping for reunification with biological family members, or are facilitating parental relinquishment and peace of mind.

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IRS-1 Antibody

2011-08-01T07:50:00.004-08:00

IRS-1 Antibody

Catalog#:3521

Following tyrosine phosphorylation, the insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2 (IRS-1 and IRS-2) can form a protein scaffolding for the assembly of a host of Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing proteins (1). IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation can occur through the activity of several cytokine and growth factor receptors such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-9, interferon-?, in addition to the insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors (2). The scaffolding provided by IRS-1 and IRS-2 is necessary for insulin signal transduction across the cell membrane. IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, and thus formation of the IRS scaffolding is inhibited by tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and this inhibition can itself be blocked by rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (TOR) (3,4). TNF activity could also be blocked by inhibition of the Akt kinase and the PTEN tumor suppressor, suggesting that TNF impairs insulin signaling through IRS-1 by activation of the TOR signaling pathway (3).

Additional Names: IRS-1, Insulin receptor substrate-1

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IRS-1 in PC-3 cell lysate with IRS-1 antibody at (A) 1, (B) 2 and (C) 4 µg/ml.

Below: Immunocytochemistry of IRS-1 in P815 cells with IRS-1 antibody at 2 µg/ml.

Other Product Image
Source:IRS-1 antibody was raised against a 16 amino acid peptide from near the center of human IRS-1.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IRS-1 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Human IRS-1 / Insulin receptor substrate-1 Peptide (Cat. No. 3521P)
Application: IRS-1antibody can be used for the detection of IRS-1 by Western blot at 1 - 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, ICC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 3521P - IRS-1 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IRS-1 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1216 - PC-3 Cell Lysate
2. Cat. No. 1286 - P815 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M
GI Number: 547738
Accession Number: P35568
Short Description: A scaffolding protein important for insulin receptor signaling
References
1. Giovannone B, Scaldaferri ML, Federici M, et al. Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) transduction system: distinct and overlapping signaling potential. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 2000; 16:434-41.
2. Waters SB and Pessin JE. Insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2 (IRS1 and IRS2): what a tangled web we weave. Trends in Cell Biol. 1996; 6:1-4.
3. Ozes ON, Akca H, Mayo LD, et al. A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway mediates and PTEN antagonizes tumor necrosis factor inhibition of insulin signaling through insulin receptor substrate-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001; 98:4640-5.
4. Shamji AF, Ngheim P, and Schreiber SL. Integration of growth factor and nutrient signaling: implications for cancer biology. Mol. Cell 2003; 12:271-80.

IRE1p Antibody

2011-08-01T07:44:00.002-08:00

IRE1p Antibody

Catalog#:3659

Accumulation of malfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the upregulation of the ER molecular chaperones GRP78 and GRP 94 (1,2). These proteins are normally bound to ER transmembrane proteins such as IRE1p and ATF6 (3,4) but ER stress causes their dissociation. This allows IRE1p, a serine-threonine protein kinase to transduce the unfolded protein signal from the ER to the nucleus. IRE1p also has an endoribonuclease activity that is required to splice X-box binding protein (XBP1) mRNA converting it to a potent UPR transcriptional activation (5). Depletion of IRE1p through the expression of a dominant negative form of IRE1p has no effect on transfected cells, but cell death via apoptosis occurs under stress conditions that cause unfolded proteins to accumulate in the ER (6). Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Additional Names: IRE1p (IN), Endoplasmic reticulum-to-nucleus signaling 1, ERN1

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IRE1p in Raji cell lysate with IRE1p antibody at (A) 1 and (B) 2 µg/ml.

Source:IRE1p antibody was raised against a 15 amino acid peptide from near the center of human IRE1p.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IRE1p antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Human IRE1p (Intermediate Domain) Peptide (Cat. No. 3659P)
Application: IRE1p antibody can be used for the detection of IRE1p by Western blot at 1 – 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 3659P - IRE1p Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IRE1p antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1207 - Raji Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H
GI Number: 193806335
Accession Number: O75460
Short Description: (IN) Endoplasmic reticulum-to-nucleus signaling 1
References
1. Little E, Ramakrishnan M, Roy B, et al. The glucose-regulated proteins (GRP78 and GRP94): functions, gene regulation, and applications. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 1994; 4:1-18.
2. Lee AS. The ER chaperone and signaling regulator GRP78/BiP as a monitor of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Methods 2005; 35:373-81.
3. Bertolotti A, Zhang Y, Hendershot LM, et al. Dynamic interaction of BiP and ER stress transducers in the unfolded-protein response. Nat. Cell Biol. 2000; 2:326-32.
4. Shen J, Chen X, Hendershot L, et al. ER stress regulation of ATF6 localization by dissociation of BiP/GRP78 binding and unmasking of Golgi localization signals. Dev. Cell 2002; 3:99-111.

IRE1p Antibody

2011-08-01T07:33:00.006-08:00

IRE1p Antibody

Catalog#:3657

Accumulation of malfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the upregulation of the ER molecular chaperones GRP78 and GRP 94 (1,2). These proteins are normally bound to ER transmembrane proteins such as IRE1p and ATF6 (3,4) but ER stress causes their dissociation. This allows IRE1p, a serine-threonine protein kinase to transduce the unfolded protein signal from the ER to the nucleus. IRE1p also has an endoribonuclease activity that is required to splice X-box binding protein (XBP1) mRNA converting it to a potent UPR transcriptional activation (5). Depletion of IRE1p through the expression of a dominant negative form of IRE1p has no effect on transfected cells, but cell death via apoptosis occurs under stress conditions that cause unfolded proteins to accumulate in the ER (6). Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Additional Names: IRE1p (NT), Endoplasmic reticulum-to-nucleus signaling 1, ERN1

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IRE1p in A-20 cell lysate with IRE1p antibody at (A) 0.5, (B) 1 and (C) 2 µg/ml.

Below: Immunocytochemistry of IRE1p in A20 cells with IRE1p antibody at 1 µg/ml.

Other Product Images

Source:IRE1p antibody was raised against a 15 amino acid peptide from near the amino terminus of human IRE1p.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IRE1p antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Human IRE1p (N-Terminus) Peptide (Cat. No. 3657P)
Application: IRE1p antibody can be used for the detection of IRE1p by Western blot at 1 – 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, ICC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 3657P - IRE1p Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IRE1p antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1288 - A-20 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 193806335
Accession Number: O75460
Short Description: (NT) Endoplasmic reticulum-to-nucleus signaling 1
References
1. Little E, Ramakrishnan M, Roy B, et al. The glucose-regulated proteins (GRP78 and GRP94): functions, gene regulation, and applications. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 1994; 4:1-18.
2. Lee AS. The ER chaperone and signaling regulator GRP78/BiP as a monitor of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Methods 2005; 35:373-81.
3. Bertolotti A, Zhang Y, Hendershot LM, et al. Dynamic interaction of BiP and ER stress transducers in the unfolded-protein response. Nat. Cell Biol. 2000; 2:326-32.
4. Shen J, Chen X, Hendershot L, et al. ER stress regulation of ATF6 localization by dissociation of BiP/GRP78 binding and unmasking of Golgi localization signals. Dev. Cell 2002; 3:99-111.

ACV and Related Compounds Products

2011-07-28T07:11:00.000-08:00

ACV and Related Compounds Products

Definition

Acyclovir (ACV) is the key intermediate in the biosynthesis of all penicillins and cephalosporins by eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms.

Discovery

Gnann J W et al., in 1983 studied the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and clinical applications of ACV . Tadepalli S et al., in 1986 developed a simple and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection and quantitation of ACV in human plasma and urine. ACV immobilized on a solid phase and free acyclovir in the sample solution were allowed to compete for a limited amount of anti-acyclovir monoclonal antibody. The specific antibody bound to the immobilized ACV was detected by the use of alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-mouse imtnunoglobulin . Balzarini J et al., 2002 designed a number of acyclovir and ganciclovir derivatives that are endowed with intrinsic strong fluorescent characteristics by synthesizing tricyclic ACV and GCV derivatives containing an additional aromatic entity attached to the purine system .

Structural Characteristics

ACV also referred to as acycloguanosine, demonstrates strong and selective activity against herpes simplex and varicellazoster viruses. ACV structure is [9-(2-hydroxyethoxy)methylguanine]. Tadepalli S et al., in 1986 synthesized 1-O-octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-acyclovir (ODG-P-ACV), 1-O-hexadecylpropanediol-3-phospho-acyclovir (HDP-P-ACV), and 1-O-octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-azidothymidine (ODG-P-AZT), and evaluated their antiviral activity in human hepatoma cells that constitutively produce HBV. Results from specificity studies showed that there was a high degree of cross-reactivity with ACV and ACV succinate, minor cross-reactivity with the primnary metabolite of ACV (9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine [CMMG]), and significant cross-reactivity with 8-hydroxy-9- (2-hydroxyethoxy)methylguanine (8-OH-ACV), a minor metabolite. 9-(2-14ydroxy-1-hydroxymethylethoxy)methylguanine (BW B759U), structurally similar to ACV, exhibited low but measurable cross-reactivity.

Mode of Action

The mechanism of action of ACV and its bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in humans have been established for both intravenous and oral formulations of the drug. ACV triphosphate inhibit the DNA polymerase of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) by 50% at submicromolar concentrations, but no effects of ACV treatment have been noted on the clinical manifestations of hepatitis B. However, HDP-P-ACV and ODG-P-ACV inhibited viral replication by 50% at 0.5 and 6.8 μM, respectively. Based on the EC50, HDP-P-ACV, ODG-P-ACV, and ODG-P-AZT were > 200, > 14.7, and > 48 times more active than their free nucleosides in reducing HBV replication in 2.2.15 cells. To evaluate the biochemical basis for the increased antiviral activity, authors studied the uptake and metabolism of 1-O-octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-[3H]acyclovir (ODG-P-[3H]ACV) in HepG2 cells. Cellular uptake of ODG-P-[3H]ACV was found to be substantially greater than that of [3H]ACV, and cellular levels of ACV-mono-, -di-, and -triphosphate were much higher with ODG-P-ACV. ODG-P-[3H]ACV was well absorbed orally. Based on urinary recovery of tritium after oral or parenteral administration of the radio labeled compounds, oral absorption of ODG-P-ACV in mice was 100% versus 37% for ACV. ODG-P-ACV plasma area under the curve was more than 7-fold greater than that of ACV. Lipid prodrugs of this type is useful orally in treating viral diseases 4,5,6.

Functions

ACV is an antiviral drug, which selectively inhibits replication of members of the herpes group of DNA viruses with low cell toxicity. This drug is used clinically in treating a variety of herpesvirus infections.

Prodrug of ACV, Valaciclovir (VACV), a prodrug of ACV is usually preferred in the oral treatment of viral infections, mainly herpes simplex virus (HSV).

A number of tricyclic ACV and ganciclovir (GCV) derivatives substituted with bulky lipophilic groups have been identified as potent and highly selective cytostatic agents against herpes simplex virus type (HSV-1)-thymidine kinase (TK) gene-transduced human osteosarcoma and murine mammary carcinoma tumor cells.

Effect in cell culture, the tricyclic ACV derivatives were also endowed with a very pronounced bystander effect in cell culture, albeit at relatively high drug concentrations.

ACV acts against cytomegalovirus (CMV) in general and the latter against CMV retinitis mainly via phosphorylation and inhibition of the viral DNA polymerase .

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Introduction to Swine Flu

2011-07-27T09:11:00.001-08:00

Introduction to Swine Flu

The origin. It is well known that most higher organisms carry the genomes of certain viruses that normally lie dormant in a quiescent state until they become activated by different factors and causing a number of problems. However in most cases, after infecting their hosts, viruses are cleared by an immunological response mounted by the host or eventually they kill their host this way putting an end to their replication cycle. Yet in either case, the newly produced virus can infect other hosts and start the reproductive cycle once more.

Swine Flu Transmission and Vaccine

Transmission. At this point, the infected human can get sick and transmit the virus via aerosolized micro drops of saliva produced during coughing, and he is also capable of passing the virus by direct contact with non-infected people. About vaccines against it. Currently there are not vaccines against the new swine flu virus strain and producing a vaccine can take 6-9 months. Vaccines against the influenza virus are strain specific, however because the virus has a high rate of mutations in those regions responsible for initiating the infection process there is a need to develop new vaccines every year.

Tamiflu

This drug manufactured by Roche appears to be effective against the swine flu; influenza virus initiates the infection process by latching to sialoglycoproteins present of the cell surface via their neuraminidase. Inhibition of the viral neuraminidase interferes with the infection process contributing to reduce symptoms and complications.

Influenza Peptide Virus

The influenza virus is an enveloped RNA virus and its genome is split between 7 to 8 RNA fragments, each encoding for one to two genes. This large number of RNA fragments allows their mixing or reassorment if more than one virus strain is infecting a cell, to yield new viral strains containing genetic information from different viral strains.

Immunity and Viral Peptide

Although the protective immunity stimulated by the vaccines is humoral and mediated by neutralizing antibodies there is significant body of evidence pointing to the crucial role of T cell immunity. In effect, the increased susceptibility of young children and older people correlates well with a low Th1 immunity.
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SIRNA Synthesis

2011-07-27T07:56:00.002-08:00

SIRNA Synthesis

Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, are a class of 20-25 nucleotide-long double-stranded RNA molecules that play a variety of roles in biology. Most notably, siRNA is involved in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway where the siRNA interferes with the expression of a specific gene. In addition to their role in the RNAi pathway, siRNAs also act in RNAi-related pathways, e.g. as an antiviral mechanism or in shaping the chromatin structure of a genome; the complexity of these pathways is only now being elucidated.

siRNAs

siRNAs were first discovered by David Baulcombe's group in Norwich, England, as part of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants, and published their findings in Science in a paper titled "A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants". Shortly thereafter, in 2001, synthetic siRNAs were then shown to be able to induce RNAi in mammalian cells by Thomas Tuschl and colleagues in a paper published in Nature. This discovery led to a surge in interest in harnessing RNAi for biomedical research and drug development.

RNA Interference

RNA Interference Home has everything you need for your RNAi and siRNA research. You will find information here and links on RNAi protocols, an RNAi Forum, and RNAi bioinformatic software for design of RNAi and SiRNA inhibitory molecules.

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IRE1p Antibody

2011-07-27T07:48:00.004-08:00

IRE1p Antibody

Catalog#:3655

Accumulation of malfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the upregulation of the ER molecular chaperones GRP78 and GRP 94 (1,2). These proteins are normally bound to ER transmembrane proteins such as IRE1p and ATF6 (3,4) but ER stress causes their dissociation. This allows IRE1p, a serine-threonine protein kinase to transduce the unfolded protein signal from the ER to the nucleus. IRE1p also has an endoribonuclease activity that is required to splice X-box binding protein (XBP1) mRNA converting it to a potent UPR transcriptional activation (5). Depletion of IRE1p through the expression of a dominant negative form of IRE1p has no effect on transfected cells, but cell death via apoptosis occurs under stress conditions that cause unfolded proteins to accumulate in the ER (6). Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Additional Names: IRE1p (CT), Endoplasmic reticulum-to-nucleus signaling 1, ERN1

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IRE1p in A-20 cell lysate with IRE1p antibody at (A) 0.5, (B) 1 and (C) 2 µg/ml.

Below: Immunocytochemistry of IRE1p in A-20 cells with IRE1p antibody at 1 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:IRE1p antibody was raised against a 16 amino acid peptide from near the carboxy terminus of human IRE1p.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IRE1p antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Human IRE1p (C-Terminus) Peptide (Cat. No. 3655P)
Application: IRE1p antibody can be used for the detection of IRE1p by Western blot at 1 – 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, ICC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 3655P - IRE1p Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IRE1p antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1288 - A-20 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 193806335
Accession Number: O75460
Short Description: (CT) Endoplasmic reticulum-to-nucleus signaling 1
References
1. Little E, Ramakrishnan M, Roy B, et al. The glucose-regulated proteins (GRP78 and GRP94): functions, gene regulation, and applications. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 1994; 4:1-18.
2. Lee AS. The ER chaperone and signaling regulator GRP78/BiP as a monitor of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Methods 2005; 35:373-81.
3. Bertolotti A, Zhang Y, Hendershot LM, et al. Dynamic interaction of BiP and ER stress transducers in the unfolded-protein response. Nat. Cell Biol. 2000; 2:326-32.
4. Shen J, Chen X, Hendershot L, et al. ER stress regulation of ATF6 localization by dissociation of BiP/GRP78 binding and unmasking of Golgi localization signals. Dev. Cell 2002; 3:99-111.

IRAK-M Antibody

2011-07-27T07:44:00.002-08:00

IRAK-M Antibody

Catalog#:2355

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces cellular response through IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) and Toll like receptors (TLR). IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK and IRAK2) mediates the activation of NF-betaB by IL-1/Toll receptors (1,2), which is a pivotal transcription factor mediating inflammatory and immune response. A novel member in the IRAK/Pelle family was recently identified and designated IRAK-M (3). IRAKs associate with IL-1/Toll receptors after IL-1 or LPS stimulation and the dominant negative mutants of IRAKs inhibit IL-1 or LPS induced NF-betaB activation. Members in IRAK/Pelle family play a central role in IL-1R/TLR mediated inflammatory responses to cytokine IL-1 and LPS.

Additional Names: IRAK-M

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IRAK-M in mouse spleen (M) and rat liver (R) tissue lysates with IRAK-M antibody at 1 µg/ml.

Below: Immunohistochemical staining of rat liver cells using IRAK-M antibody at 2 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:IRAK-M antibody was raised against a peptide corresponding to amino acids from the carboxy terminus of human IRAK-M .
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IRAK-M antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Human IRAK-M Peptide (Cat. No. 2355P)
Application: IRAK-M antibody can be used for detection of IRAK-M by Western blot at 0.5 to 1 µg/ml.A 68 kDa major band can be detected. IRAK-M antibody can also detect IRAK-M by immunohistochemistry at 2 µg/ml.IRAK-M antibody has no cross response to IRAK or IRAK2.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 2355P - IRAK-M Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IRAK-M antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1406 - Mouse Spleen Tissue Lysate
2. Cat. No. 1465 - Rat Kidney Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 5225377
Accession Number: AF113136
Short Description: A novel IL-1R Associated Kinase
References
1. Cao Z; Henzel WJ; Gao X. IRAK: a kinase associated with the interleukin-1 receptor. Science 1996;271:1128-31.
2. Muzio M, Ni J, Feng P, Dixit VM. IRAK (Pelle) family member IRAK-2 and MyD88 as proximal mediators of IL-1 signaling. Science 1997;278:1612-5
3. Wesche H, Gao X, Li X, Kirschning CJ, Stark GR, Cao Z. IRAK-M is a novel member of the Pelle/interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(27):19403-10.

IRAK-4 Antibody

2011-07-27T07:38:00.003-08:00

IRAK-4 Antibody

Catalog#:3125

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces cellular responses through IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) and Toll-like receptors (TLR). IL-1R-associated kinases (IRAK, IRAK2, and IRAK-M) regulate the activation of NF-kappaB and MAP kinase (MAPK) by IL-1R/TLR (1-3). A novel member in the IRAK/Pelle family was recently identified and designated IRAK-4 (4,5). Overexpression of IRAK-4 activates NF-kB and MAPK pathways. IRAK-4 interacts with and phosphorylates IRAK-1. IRAK-4-deficient animals are completely resistant to the challenge with LPS. Animals and humans lacking IRAK-4 are impaired in their responses to viral and bacterial challenges (5,6). Members in IRAK/Pelle family play a central role in IL-1R/TLR mediated inflammatory responses and in innate immunity.

Additional Names: IRAK-4

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IRAK-4 in HeLa cell lysate with IRAK-4 antibody at 1 (lane 1), 2 (lane 2), and 4 (lane 3) µg/ml, respectively.

Below: Immunocytochemistry of IRAK-4 in K562 cells with IRAK-4 antibody at 10 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:
IRAK-4 antibody was raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids at the carboxy terminus of human IRAK-4.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IRAK-4 antibody was raised in rabbit.

Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Human IRAK4 Peptide (Cat. No. 3125P)
Application: IRAK-4 antibody can be used for the detection of IRAK-4 by Western blot at 1 to 2 µg/ml.A 50 kDa band can be detected. Anti-IRAK-4 has no cross response to other IRAKs.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, ICC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 3125P - IRAK-4 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IRAK-4 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1204 - K562 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H
GI Number: 20219010
Accession Number: AAM15772
Short Description: A member in IRAK/Pelle family
References
1. Cao Z; Henzel WJ; Gao X. IRAK: a kinase associated with the interleukin-1 receptor. Science 1996;271:1128-31.
2. Muzio M, Ni J, Feng P, Dixit VM. IRAK (Pelle) family member IRAK-2 and MyD88 as proximal mediators of IL-1 signaling. Science 1997;278:1612-5
3. Wesche H, Gao X, Li X, Kirschning CJ, Stark GR, Cao Z. IRAK-M is a novel member of the Pelle/interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(27):19403-10.
4. Li S, Strelow A, Fontana EJ, Wesche H. IRAK-4: a novel member of the IRAK family with the properties of an IRAK-kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 2002;99(8):5567-72.

DNA Structure Animation

2011-07-19T07:37:00.000-08:00

DNA Structure Animation

For over 20 years, BioSynthesis has provided custom oligonucleotide production services worldwide, including researcher at university, biotechnology and pharmaceutical institutions. We offer wide variety of oligo modifications and labelings from small discovery research scale to multi-gram ASR/cGMP for clinical diagnostic production. As always, quality is guaranteed!

DNA Structure

DNA has a compact, highly organized structure that is reminiscent of a spiral staircase. There are several structural characteristics that are readily identifiable in DNA.

DNA Synthesis

At bio-Synthesis any synthesis of DNA that happens outside the s phase of the cell cycle. The term is to describe the replication of dna during the nucleotide excision repair of dna damage and thus distinct from the semi-conservative replication of dna which is confined to the s-phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle.

DNA Replication

DNA replication is the process of copying a double-stranded DNA molecule to form two double-stranded molecules. The process of DNA replication is a fundamental process used by all living organisms as it is the basis for biological inheritance.

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IRAK-2 Antibody

2011-07-19T07:32:00.004-08:00

IRAK-2 Antibody

Catalog#:2213

The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 induces cellular response through two subunits of its receptor, IL-1 receptor I (IL-1RI) and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) mediates activation of NF-kappaB , which is a pivotal transcription factor mediating inflammatory and immune response. A novel member in the IRAK/Pelle family was recently identified and designated IRAK2 (2). Both IRAK and IRAK2 recruit to the subunits of the IL-1R complex after IL-1 binding and lead to NF-kappaB activation. IRAKs also associate with Toll-like receptor (TLR) and the dominant negative mutants of IRAKs inhibit LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation (3,4). Members in IRAK/Pelle family play a central role in IL-1R and TLR mediated inflammatory responses to cytokine IL-1 and LPS. IRAK2 is expressed in a variety of human tissues.

Additional Names: IRAK-2 (CT), IRAK-2

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IRAK2 in K562 whole cell lysate with IRAK2 antibody at 1:500 dilution.

Below: Immunofluorescence of IRAK2 in HeLa cells with IRAK antibody at 10 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:IRAK2 antibody was raised against a peptide corresponding to amino acids near the carboxy terminus of human IRAK2.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IRAK-2 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Human IRAK2 (C-Terminus) Peptide (Cat. No. 2213P)
Application: IRAK-2 antibody can be used for detection of IRAK2 by Western blot at 1:500 to 1:1000 dilution. A 65 kDa band can be detected. Anti-IRAK2 has no cross response to IRAK.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IF
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 2213P - IRAK-2 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IRAK-2 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1.Cat. No. 1204 - K562 Cell Lysate
2. Cat. No. 1201 - HeLa Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H
GI Number: 37725373
Accession Number: AAO24761
Short Description: (CT) IL-1R Associated Kinase
References
1. Cao Z; Henzel WJ; Gao X. IRAK: a kinase associated with the interleukin-1 receptor. Science 1996;271:1128-31.
2. Muzio M, Ni J, Feng P, Dixit VM. IRAK (Pelle) family member IRAK-2 and MyD88 as proximal mediators of IL-1 signaling. Science 1997;278:1612-5
3. Zhang FX, Kirschning CJ, Mancinelli R, Xu XP, Jin Y, Faure E, Mantovani A, Rothe M, Muzio M, Arditi M. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide activates nuclear factor-kappaB through interleukin-1 signaling mediators in cultured human dermal endothelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes. J Biol Chem 1999;274:7611-4
4. Yang RB, Mark MR, Gurney AL , Godowski PJ. Signaling events induced by lipopolysaccharide-activated toll-like receptor 2. J Immunol 1999;163:639-43 (RD0300)

IRAK2 Antibody

2011-07-19T07:20:00.003-08:00

IRAK2 Antibody

Catalog#:3597

The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 induces cellular response through two subunits of its receptor, IL-1 receptor I (IL-1RI) and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) mediates activation of NF-kappaB, which is a pivotal transcription factor mediating inflammatory and immune response. A novel member in the IRAK/Pelle family has been identified and designated IRAK2 (1). Both IRAK and IRAK2 recruit to the subunits of the IL-1R complex after IL-1 binding and lead to NF-kappaB activation. IRAKs also associate with Toll like receptor (TLR) and the dominant negative mutants of IRAKs inhibit LPS-induced NF-?B activation (2,3). Members in IRAK/Pelle family play a central role in IL-1R and TLR mediated inflammatory response. Unlike human IRAK2, murine IRAK2 exists as four alternately spliced isoforms (IRAK2a-d), with two isoforms (IRAK2c and d) acting in an inhibitory fashion (4). IRAK2 is expressed in a variety of tissues.

Additional Names: IRAK2 (C2), mIRAK2

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IRAK2 in A-20 whole cell lysate with IRAK2 antibody (C2) at (A) 0.5, (B) 1, and (C) 2 µg/ml.

Source:RAK2 antibody was raised against a peptide corresponding to 16 amino acids near the carboxy-terminus of mouse IRAK2a which is common to all four isoforms. Anti-IRAK2 is mouse specific.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IRAK2 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Human IRAK2 (C-Terminus 2) Peptide (Cat. No. 3597P)
Application: IRAK2 antibody can be used for detection of mouse IRAK2 by Western blot at 0.5 - 1 µg/ml.Anti-IRAK2 has no cross response to IRAK.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 3597P - IRAK2 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IRAK2 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1288 - A-20 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: M
GI Number: 37725373
Accession Number: AAO24761
Short Description: (C2) mouse IL-1R associated kinase
References
1. Muzio M, Ni J, Feng P, et al. IRAK (Pelle) family member IRAK-2 and MyD88 as proximal mediators of IL-1 signaling. Science 1997; 278:1612-5.
2. Zhang FX, Kirschning CJ, Mancinelli R, et al. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide activates nuclear factor-kappaB through interleukin-1 signaling mediators in cultured human dermal endothelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274:7611-4.
3. Yang RB, Mark MR, Gurney AL, et al. Signaling events induced by lipopolysaccharide-activated toll-like receptor 2. J. Immunol. 1999; 163:639-43.
4. Hardy MP and O’Neill LAJ. The murine IRAK2 gene encodes four alternately spliced isoforms, two of which are inhibitory. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279:27699-708.

IRAK2 Antibody

2011-07-19T07:11:00.005-08:00

IRAK2 Antibody

Catalog#:3595

The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 induces cellular response through two subunits of its receptor, IL-1 receptor I (IL-1RI) and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) mediates activation of NF-kappaB, which is a pivotal transcription factor mediating inflammatory and immune response. A novel member in the IRAK/Pelle family has been identified and designated IRAK2 (1). Both IRAK and IRAK2 recruit to the subunits of the IL-1R complex after IL-1 binding and lead to NF-kappaB activation. IRAKs also associate with Toll like receptor (TLR) and the dominant negative mutants of IRAKs inhibit LPS-induced NF-?B activation (2,3). Members in IRAK/Pelle family play a central role in IL-1R and TLR mediated inflammatory response. Unlike human IRAK2, murine IRAK2 exists as four alternately spliced isoforms (IRAK2a-d), with two isoforms (IRAK2c and d) acting in an inhibitory fashion (4). IRAK2 is expressed in a variety of tissues.

Additional Names: IRAK2 (CT), mIRAK2

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IRAK2 in RAW264.7 whole cell lysate with mIRAK2 antibody at (A) 0.5, (B) 1, and (C) 2 µg/ml.

Below: Immunocytochemistry of IRAK2 in A-20 cells with IRAK2 antibody at 1 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:IRAK2 antibody was raised against a peptide corresponding to 17 amino acids near the carboxy-terminus of mouse IRAK2a which is common to all four isoforms. mIRAK2 antibody will also recognize human IRAK2.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IRAK2 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-mouse secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Human IRAK2 (C-Terminus) Peptide (Cat. No. 3595P)
Application: IRAK2 antibody can be used for detection of mouse IRAK2 by Western blot at 0.5 - 1 µg/ml.A 65 kDa band should be detected. Anti-IRAK2 has no cross response to IRAK. Anti-IRAK2 will also recognize human IRAK2.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, ICC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 3595P - IRAK2 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IRAK2 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1283 - RAW264.7 Cell Lysate
2. Cat. No. 1288 - A-20 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M
GI Number: 37725373
Accession Number: AAO24761
Short Description: (CT) mouse IL-1R associated kinase
References
1. Muzio M, Ni J, Feng P, et al. IRAK (Pelle) family member IRAK-2 and MyD88 as proximal mediators of IL-1 signaling. Science 1997; 278:1612-5.
2. Zhang FX, Kirschning CJ, Mancinelli R, et al. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide activates nuclear factor-kappaB through interleukin-1 signaling mediators in cultured human dermal endothelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274:7611-4.
3. Yang RB, Mark MR, Gurney AL, et al. Signaling events induced by lipopolysaccharide-activated toll-like receptor 2. J. Immunol. 1999; 163:639-43.
4. Hardy MP and O’Neill LAJ. The murine IRAK2 gene encodes four alternately spliced isoforms, two of which are inhibitory. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279:27699-708.

Extinct Biological Hazard Organisms

2011-07-13T07:26:00.002-08:00

Extinct Biological Hazard Organisms

Biosynthesis DNA Testing (Ancestry/DNA Identity Profile) provides you with a simple and objective description of your deep ancestral origins as well as a certificate of your unique genetic fingerprint. The test gives you an estimated percentage of ancestry from the four major historical population groups.

Biological Hazard

A biological hazard or biohazard is an organism, or substance derived from an organism, that poses a threat to (primarily) human health. This can include medical waste or samples of a microorganism, virus or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health. It can also include substances harmful to animals. The term and its associated symbol is generally used as a warning, so that those potentially exposed to the substances will know to take precautions. There is also a biohazard HCS/WHMIS logo which utilizes the same symbol.

Biological Agents

Biological agents include prions, viruses, microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) and some unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes (for example parasites) and their associated toxins. They have the ability to adversely affect human health in a variety of ways, ranging from allergic reactions that are usually relatively mild, to serious medical conditions, even death. These organisms are ubiquitous in the natural environment; they are found in water, soil, plants, and animals.

For more information visit: www.biosyn.com

IRAK Monoclonal Antibody

2011-07-13T07:22:00.003-08:00

IRAK Monoclonal Antibody

Catalog#:PM-5317

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and an essential mediator of gene expression during activation of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappaB mediates the expression of a great variety of genes in response to extracellular stimuli including IL-1, TNFalpha and LPS. A serine/threonine protein kinase associated with IL-1 receptor (IRAK) and its homologue mouse pelle-like protein kinase (mPLK) were identified recently. IRAK is associated with the IL-1 receptor subunits IL-1RI and IL-1RAcP after IL-1 binding and serves as a signaling molecule to mediate IL-1 response. IRAK mediates a signaling cascade leading to NF-kB activation by members in IL-1 family including IL-1 and a novel cytokine IL-18 (also termed IGIF).

Additional Names: IRAK (8F1A7),IL-1-Receptor Associated Kinase

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IRAK in mouse liver lysate with IRAK antibody at (A) 1 and (B) 2 µg/ml.

Source:Mouse monoclonal IRAK antibody was raised against a recombinant protein corresponding to amino acids 618 - 712 of human IRAK.
Purification: Immunoaffinity chromotography purified IgG
Clonality and Clone: This is a monoclonal antibody. (Clone 8F1A7)
Host: IRAK monoclonal antibody was raised in mouse.
Please use anti-mouse secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Recombinant protein corresponding to amino acids 618 - 712 of human IRAK.
Application: IRAK antibody can be used for Western blot at 1 - 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:
Long-Term Storage: IRAK monoclonal antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 95-112 - IRAK Recombinant Protein
Species Reactivity: H, M
Short Description: IL-1-Receptor Associated Kinase
References
1. Cao Z,; Henzel WJ, and Gao X. IRAK: a kinase associated with the interleukin-1 receptor. Science 1996; 271:1128-31.
2. Trofimova M, Sprenkle AB, Green M; et al. Developmental and tissue-specific expression of mouse pelle-like protein kinase. J. Bio. Chem. 1996; 271: 17609-12.
3. Jianing Huang, Xiong Gao, Shyun Li, et al. Recruitment of IRAK to the interleukin 1 receptor complex requires interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997; 94:12829-32.
4. Robinson D, Shibuya K, Mui A, et al. IGIF does not drive Th1 development but synergizes with IL-12 for interferon-gamma production and activates IRAK and NF-kB. Immunity 1997; 7:571-81.

IRAK Monoclonal Antibody

2011-07-13T07:18:00.003-08:00

IRAK Monoclonal Antibody

Catalog#:PM-5315

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and an essential mediator of gene expression during activation of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappaB mediates the expression of a great variety of genes in response to extracellular stimuli including IL-1, TNFalpha and LPS. A serine/threonine protein kinase associated with IL-1 receptor (IRAK) and its homologue mouse pelle-like protein kinase (mPLK) were identified recently. IRAK is associated with the IL-1 receptor subunits IL-1RI and IL-1RAcP after IL-1 binding and serves as a signaling molecule to mediate IL-1 response. IRAK mediates a signaling cascade leading to NF-kB activation by members in IL-1 family including IL-1 and a novel cytokine IL-18 (also termed IGIF).

Additional Names: IRAK (1F12C1),IL-1-Receptor Associated Kinase

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IRAK in HeLa lysates with IRAK antibody at (A) 1 and (B) 2 µg/ml.

Source:Mouse monoclonal IRAK antibody was raised against a recombinant protein corresponding to amino acids 618 - 712 of human IRAK.
Purification: Immunoaffinity chromotography purified IgG
Clonality and Clone: This is a monoclonal antibody. (Clone 1F12C1)
Host: IRAK monoclonal antibody was raised in mouse.
Please use anti-mouse secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Recombinant protein corresponding to amino acids 618 - 712 of human IRAK.
Application: RAK antibody can be used for Western blot at 1 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:
Long-Term Storage: IRAK monoclonal antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 95-112 - IRAK Recombinant Protein
Species Reactivity: H, M
Short Description: IL-1-Receptor Associated Kinase
References
1. Cao Z,; Henzel WJ, and Gao X. IRAK: a kinase associated with the interleukin-1 receptor. Science 1996; 271:1128-31.
2. Trofimova M, Sprenkle AB, Green M; et al. Developmental and tissue-specific expression of mouse pelle-like protein kinase. J. Bio. Chem. 1996; 271: 17609-12.
3. Jianing Huang, Xiong Gao, Shyun Li, et al. Recruitment of IRAK to the interleukin 1 receptor complex requires interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997; 94:12829-32.
4. Robinson D, Shibuya K, Mui A, et al. IGIF does not drive Th1 development but synergizes with IL-12 for interferon-gamma production and activates IRAK and NF-kB. Immunity 1997; 7:571-81.

IRAK Antibody

2011-07-13T07:08:00.003-08:00

IRAK Antibody

Catalog#:1007

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and an essential mediator of gene expression during activation of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappaB mediates the expression of a great variety of genes in response to extracellular stimuli including IL-1, TNFalpha and LPS. A serine/threonine protein kinase associated with IL-1 receptor (IRAK) and its homologue mouse pelle-like protein kinase (mPLK) were identified recently. IRAK is associated with the IL-1 receptor subunits IL-1RI and IL-1RAcP after IL-1 binding and serves as a signaling molecule to mediate IL-1 response. IRAK mediates a signaling cascade leading to NF-kappaB activation by members in IL-1 family including IL-1 and a novel cytokine IL-18 (also termed IGIF).

Additional Names: IRAK (CT), IL-1-Receptor Associated Kinase

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IRAK in THP-1 (THP) and HeLa (HL) whole cell lysates with IRAK antibody at 1:2000 dilution.

Below: Immunocytochemistry of IRAK in HeLa cells with IRAK antibody at 10 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:IRAK antibody was raised against a peptide corresponding to amino acids near the carboxy terminus of human IRAK.
Purification: Antibody is DEAE purified
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IRAK antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Human IRAK (C-Terminus) Peptide (Cat. No. 1007P)
Application: IRAK antibody can be used for Western blot at 1:1000 dilution and for immunoprecipitation with 2 to 4 ug per sample. An 80 kDa band should be detected in the lysate from non-activated cells. It has no cross response to IRAK2.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, ICC, IP
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 1007P - IRAK Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IRAK antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1201 - HeLa Cell Lysate
2. Cat. No. 1208 - THP-1 Whole Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 8928535
Accession Number: P51617
Short Description: (CT) IL-1R associated kinase
References
1. Cao Z; Henzel WJ; Gao X. IRAK: a kinase associated with the interleukin-1 receptor. Science 1996;271:1128-31.
2. Trofimova M; Sprenkle AB; Green M; Sturgill TW; Goebl MG; Harrington MA. Developmental and tissue-specific expression of mouse pelle-like protein kinase. J Bio Chem 1996; 271: 17609-1
3. Jianing Huang, Xiong Gao, Shyun Li, and Zhaodan Cao. Recruitment of IRAK to the interleukin 1 receptor complex requires interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:12829-12832
4. Robinson D, Shibuya K, Mui A, Zonin F, Murphy E, Sana T, Hartley SB, Menon S, Kastelein R, Bazan F, O'Garra A. IGIF does not drive Th1 development but synergizes with IL-12 for interferon-gamma production and activates IRAK and NF-kappaB. Immunity 1997;7:571-581

DNA Sequence

2011-07-06T08:47:00.002-08:00

DNA Sequence

BIO-SYNTHESIS is second to none in its ability to meet our customer's needs, often providing modified DNA with wide variety of selections. BSI offer PNA/DNA chimera synthesis at competitive prices and quick delivery. Bio-Synthesis continued to provide quality DNA products and services for the research community, but it has also become a world leader in providing custom peptide products and services.

DNA Sequence

A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, with the capacity to carry information. The possible letters are A, C, G, and T, representing the four nucleotide subunits of a DNA strand - adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine bases covalently linked to phospho-backbone. In the typical case, the sequences are printed abutting one another without gaps, as in the sequence AAAGTCTGAC, going from 5' to 3' from left to right. A succession of any number of nucleotides greater than four is liable to be called a sequence.

DNA

The concept was to mimic an oligonucleotide binding to double stranded DNA via Hoogsteen base pairing in the major groove. Thus the nucleobases of DNA were retained, but the deoxyribose phosphodiester backbone of DNA was replaced by a pseudo-peptide backbone that according to computer model building was homomorphous with the DNA backbone.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information.

2011-07-06T08:43:00.003-08:00

IL-34 Antibody

Catalog#:4781

Interleukin-34 (IL-34) was identified through a functional screening of a library of secreted proteins after transfection of an embryonic kidney cell line with recombinant cDNAs. Flow cytometry and monocyte viability assays demonstrated increased survival and/or proliferation of monocytes induced by IL-34 and specific binding of IL-34 to CD14+ monocytes. IL-34 is a second ligand to the colony stimulating factor (CSF)-1 receptor in addition to CSF1. Like CSF1, IL-34 stimulates phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2 in human monocytes and induces differentiation of bone marrow cells into macrophages. Despite its predicted molecular weight, IL-34 will often run at higher molecular weight in SDS-PAGE.

Additional Names: IL-34 (IN), Interleukin-34

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IL-34 in human brain tissue lysate with IL-34 antibody at 0.25 µg/ml in (A) the absence and (B) the presence of blocking peptide.

Source:IL-34 antibody was raised against a 13 amino acid peptide from near the center of human IL-34.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IL-34 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: IL-34 antibody can be used for the detection of IL-34 by Western blot at 0.25 – 0.5 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4781P - IL-34 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IL-34 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1.Cat. No. 1303 - Human Brain Tissue Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 187610438
Accession Number: ACD13474
Short Description: (IN) Interleukin 34
References
1. Lin H, Lee E, Hestir K, et al. Discovery of a cytokine and its receptor by functional screening of the extracellular proteome. Science 2008; 320:807-11.

2011-07-06T08:37:00.002-08:00

IL-34 Antibody

Catalog#:4779

Interleukin-34 (IL-34) was identified through a functional screening of a library of secreted proteins after transfection of an embryonic kidney cell line with recombinant cDNAs. Flow cytometry and monocyte viability assays demonstrated increased survival and/or proliferation of monocytes induced by IL-34 and specific binding of IL-34 to CD14+ monocytes. IL-34 is a second ligand to the colony stimulating factor (CSF)-1 receptor in addition to CSF1. Like CSF1, IL-34 stimulates phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2 in human monocytes and induces differentiation of bone marrow cells into macrophages. Despite its predicted molecular weight, IL-34 will often run at higher molecular weight in SDS-PAGE.

Additional Names: IL-34 (NT), Interleukin-34
Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IL-34 in human brain tissue lysate with IL-34 antibody at 0.25 µg/ml in (A) the absence and (B) the presence of blocking peptide.

Source:IL-34 antibody was raised against a 16 amino acid peptide from near the amino terminus of human IL-34.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IL-34 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: IL-34 antibody can be used for the detection of IL-34 by Western blot at 0.25 – 0.5 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4779P - IL-34 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IL-34 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1303 - Human Brain Tissue Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 187610438
Accession Number: ACD13474
Short Description: (NT) Interleukin 34
References
1. Lin H, Lee E, Hestir K, et al. Discovery of a cytokine and its receptor by functional screening of the extracellular proteome. Science 2008; 320:807-11.

2011-07-06T08:31:00.002-08:00

IL-32 Antibody

Catalog#:3751

Interleukin-32 (IL-32) was initially identified as a transcript (NK4) that is selectively expressed in lymphocytes and NK cells and whose expression is increased following activation by IL-2 . It was later re-isolated from an IL-18-treated lung carcinoma cell line and re-named IL-32 (2). IL-32 is unusual in that it does not share sequence homology with known cytokine families and is highly expressed in immune tissues, existing in at least four differentially spliced isoforms. Because treatment of human monocytic and mouse macrophage cells with IL-32 induces several proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-8 and MIP-2, and because it is also induced in human peripheral lymphocyte cells after mitogen stimulation and in epithelial cells by IFNgamma, it has been suggested that IL-32 may play a role in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (3).

Additional Names: IL-32 (IN), Interleukin 32

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IL-32 in Jurkat cell lysate with IL-32 antibody at (A) 2.5 and (B) 5 µg/ml.

Source:IL-32 antibody was raised against a 16 amino acid peptide from near the center of human IL-32.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IL-32 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Human IL-32 (Intermediate Domain) Peptide (Cat. No. 3751P)
Application: IL-32 antibody can be used for the detection of IL-32 by Western blot at 2.5 – 5 µg/ml.This antibody detects the largest isoform of IL-32.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 3751P - IL-32 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IL-32 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1205 - Jurkat Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M
GI Number: 14424787
Accession Number: AAH09401
Short Description: (IN) Interleukin 32
References

1. Dahl CA, Schall RP, He HL, et al. Identification of a novel gene expressed in activated natural killer cells and T cells. J. Immunol. 1992; 148:597-603.
2. Kim S-H, Han S-Y, Azam T, et al. Interleukin-32: a cytokine and inducer of TNF-a. Immunity 2005; 22:131-42.
3. Cagnard N, Letourneur F, Essabbani A, et al. Interleukin-32, CCL2, PF4F1 and GFD10 are the only cytokine/chemokine genes differentially expressed by in vitro cultured rheumatoid and osteoarthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Eur. Cyto. Network 2005; 16:289-92.

DNA Sequence Analysis

2011-06-30T09:24:00.000-08:00

DNA Sequence Analysis

For over 20 years, BioSynthesis has provided custom oligonucleotide production services worldwide, including researcher at university, biotechnology and pharmaceutical institutions. We offer wide variety of oligo modifications and labelings from small discovery research scale to multi-gram ASR/cGMP for clinical diagnostic production. We offer design and synthesis of oligonucleotide primers and probes, also provides full range of DNA microarray printing, processing and analysis.

DNA Sequencing

The term DNA sequencing encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a DNA oligonucleotide. The sequence of DNA constitutes the heritable genetic information in nuclei, plasmids, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that forms the basis for the developmental programs of all living organisms.

Chain-termination Methods

While the chemical sequencing method of Maxam and Gilbert, and the plus-minus method of Sanger and Coulson were orders of magnitude faster than previous methods, the chain-terminator method developed by Sanger was even more efficient, and rapidly became the method of choice. The Maxam-Gilbert technique requires the use of highly toxic chemicals, and large amounts of radiolabeled DNA, whereas the chain-terminator method uses fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity.

Recombinant DNA

Recombinant DNA is a man-made DNA sequence that has been assembled from other DNA sequences. They can be transformed into organisms in the form of plasmids or in the appropriate format, by using a viral vector.

IL-32 Antibody

2011-06-30T09:18:00.003-08:00

IL-32 Antibody

Catalog#:3749

Interleukin-32 (IL-32) was initially identified as a transcript (NK4) that is selectively expressed in lymphocytes and NK cells and whose expression is increased following activation by IL-2 . It was later re-isolated from an IL-18-treated lung carcinoma cell line and re-named IL-32 (2). IL-32 is unusual in that it does not share sequence homology with known cytokine families and is highly expressed in immune tissues, existing in at least four differentially spliced isoforms. Because treatment of human monocytic and mouse macrophage cells with IL-32 induces several proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-8 and MIP-2, and because it is also induced in human peripheral lymphocyte cells after mitogen stimulation and in epithelial cells by IFNgamma, it has been suggested that IL-32 may play a role in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (3).

Additional Names: IL-32 (CT), Interelukin 32

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IL-32 in human spleen cell lysate with IL-32 antibody at (A) 5 and (B) 10 µg/ml shows two isoforms of IL-32. Below: Immunohistochemistry of IL-32 in human spleen tissue with IL-32 antibody at 10 µg/ml.

Source:IL-32 antibody was raised against a 15 amino acid peptide from near the carboxy terminus of human IL-32.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IL-32 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Immunogen: Human IL-32 (C-Terminus) Peptide (Cat. No. 3749P)
Application: IL-32 antibody can be used for the detection of IL-32 by Western blot at 5 – 10 µg/ml.This antibody detects all isoforms of IL-32.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 3749P - IL-32 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IL-32 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1306 - Human Spleen Tissue Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M
GI Number: 14424787
Accession Number: AAH09401
Short Description: (CT) Interleukin 32
References
1. Dahl CA, Schall RP, He HL, et al. Identification of a novel gene expressed in activated natural killer cells and T cells. J. Immunol. 1992; 148:597-603.
2. Kim S-H, Han S-Y, Azam T, et al. Interleukin-32: a cytokine and inducer of TNF-a. Immunity 2005; 22:131-42.
3. Cagnard N, Letourneur F, Essabbani A, et al. Interleukin-32, CCL2, PF4F1 and GFD10 are the only cytokine/chemokine genes differentially expressed by in vitro cultured rheumatoid and osteoarthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Eur. Cyto. Network 2005; 16:289-92.

IL-31 Antibody

2011-06-30T09:15:00.004-08:00

IL-31 Antibody

Catalog#:3747

Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is a recently discovered T-cell cytokine closely related to IL-6 type cytokines and is preferentially produced by T helper type 2 cells (1,2). IL-31 activity is mediated through the ligand-induced oligomerization of a dimeric receptor complex containing IL-31 receptor A and oncostatin M receptor (2). In response to IL-31 binding, these proteins activate the JAK/STAT and the AKT signaling pathways (3). RNA levels of IL-31 receptor A and oncostatin M receptor are induced in activated monocytes but are expressed constitutively in epithelial cells . IL-31, when overexpressed in transgenic mice, results in the development of pruritis, alopecia, and skin lesions and in humans may result in atopic dermatitis, suggesting that IL-31 may represent a novel target for antipruritic drug development (1,4).

Additional Names: IL-31 (IN), Interleukin 31, IL31

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IL-31 in human skeletal muscle tissue lysate with IL-31 antibody at (A) 2.5, (B) 5 and (C) 10 µg/ml.

Source:IL-31 antibody was raised against a 18 amino acid peptide from near the center of human IL-31.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IL-31 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Human IL-31 (Intermediate Domain) Peptide (Cat. No. 3747P)
Application: IL-31 antibody can be used for the detection of IL-31 by Western blot at 2.5 – 5 µg/ml.Despite its predicted size, IL-31 runs at approximately 27 - 30 kDa in SDS-PAGE.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 3747P - IL-31 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IL-31 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1375 - Human Skeletal Muscle Tissue Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M
GI Number: 46241139
Accession Number: AAS82846
Short Description: (IN) Interleukin 31
References
1. Dillon SR, Sprecher C, Hammond A, et al. Interleukin 31, a cytokine produced by activated T cells, induces dermatitis in mice. Nat. Immunol. 2004; 5:752-60.
2. Dreuw A, Radtke S, Pflanz S, et al. Characterization of the signaling capacities of the novel gp130-like cytokine receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279:36112-20.
3. Diveu C, Lak-Hal AH, Froger J, et al. Predominant expression of the long isoform of GP130-like (GPL) receptor is required for interleukin-31 signaling. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 2004; 15:291-302.
4. Bilsborough J, Leung DY, Maurer M, et al. IL-31 is associated with cutaneous lymphocyte antigen-positive skin homing T cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2006; 117:418-25.

IL-31 Antibody

2011-06-30T09:10:00.004-08:00

IL-31 Antibody

Catalog#:3745

Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is a recently discovered T-cell cytokine closely related to IL-6 type cytokines and is preferentially produced by T helper type 2 cells (1,2). IL-31 activity is mediated through the ligand-induced oligomerization of a dimeric receptor complex containing IL-31 receptor A and oncostatin M receptor (2). In response to IL-31 binding, these proteins activate the JAK/STAT and the AKT signaling pathways (3). RNA levels of IL-31 receptor A and oncostatin M receptor are induced in activated monocytes but are expressed constitutively in epithelial cells . IL-31, when overexpressed in transgenic mice, results in the development of pruritis, alopecia, and skin lesions and in humans may result in atopic dermatitis, suggesting that IL-31 may represent a novel target for antipruritic drug development (1,4).

Additional Names: IL-31 (NT), Interleukin 31, IL31

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IL-31 in RAW264.7 cell lysate with IL-31 antibody at (A) 2.5, (B) 5 and (C) 10 µg/ml.

Below: Immunohistochemistry of IL-31 in rat skeletal muscle tissue with IL-31 antibody at 10 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:IL-31 antibody was raised against a 16 amino acid peptide from near the amino terminus of mouse IL-31.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IL-31 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Murine IL-31 (N-Terminus) Peptide (Cat. No. 3745P)
Application: IL-31 antibody can be used for the detection of IL-31 by Western blot at 2.5 – 5 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 3745P - IL-31 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IL-31 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1283 - RAW264.7 Cell Lysate
2. Cat. No. 1467 - Rat Skeletal Muscle Tissue Lysate
Species Reactivity: M
GI Number: 46241139
Accession Number: AAS82846
Short Description: (NT) Interleukin 31
References

1. Dillon SR, Sprecher C, Hammond A, et al. Interleukin 31, a cytokine produced by activated T cells, induces dermatitis in mice. Nat. Immunol. 2004; 5:752-60.
2. Dreuw A, Radtke S, Pflanz S, et al. Characterization of the signaling capacities of the novel gp130-like cytokine receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279:36112-20.
3. Diveu C, Lak-Hal AH, Froger J, et al. Predominant expression of the long isoform of GP130-like (GPL) receptor is required for interleukin-31 signaling. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 2004; 15:291-302.
4. Bilsborough J, Leung DY, Maurer M, et al. IL-31 is associated with cutaneous lymphocyte antigen-positive skin homing T cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2006; 117:418-25.

DNA Strand

2011-06-23T06:48:00.002-08:00

DNA Strand

Bio-Synthesis continued to provide quality DNA products and services for the research community, but it has also become a world leader in providing custom peptide products and services. We offer comprehensive services for polyclonal antibody production with large selection for host animals.

DNA Strand Hypothesis

The immortal DNA strand hypothesis was proposed in 1975 by John Cairns as a mechanism for adult stem cells to minimize mutations in their genomes. This hypothesis proposes that instead of segregating their DNA during mitosis in a random manner, adult stem cells divide their DNA asymmetrically, and retain a distinct template set of DNA strands (parental strands) in each division. By retaining the same set of template DNA strands, adult stem cells would pass mutations arising from errors in DNA replication on to non-stem cell daughters that soon terminally differentiate (end mitotic divisions and become a functional cell).

DNA Strands

In the label-retention assay, the goal is to mark 'immortal' or parental DNA strands with a DNA label such as tritiated thymidine or bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). These types of DNA labels will incorporate into the newly-synthesized DNA of dividing cells during S phase. A pulse of DNA label is given to adult stem cells under conditions where they have not yet delineated an immortal DNA strand.

For more information visit: www.biosyn.com

IL-17 Antibody

2011-06-23T06:42:00.002-08:00

IL-17 Antibody

Catalog#:4877

Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a family of pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by activated T cells and is thought to have a major role in the initiation and perpetuation of rheumatoid arthritis. IL-17 regulates the activities of NF-kB and mitogen-activated protein kinases such as ERK and JNK. In addition, IL-17 stimulates the expression of IL-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 and enhances the production of nitric oxide. IL-17-producing T helper cells (TH-17 cells) have been the subject of much attention due to the importance of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammation. Because of its role in autoimmune diseases, it is thought that targeting the production and action of IL-17 would be beneficial therapeutically in these diseases.

Additional Names: IL-17 (NT), Interleukin-17, IL-17A, CTLA8

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IL-17 in A-20 lysate with IL-17 antibody at (A) 2 and (B) 4 µg/ml.

Source:IL-17 antibody was raised against a 16 amino acid peptide from near the amino terminus of human IL-17A.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IL-17 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: IL-17 antibody can be used for the detection of IL-17 by Western blot at 2 – 4 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4877P - IL-17 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IL-17 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1288 - A20 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M
GI Number: 4504651
Accession Number: NP_002181
Short Description: (NT) Interleukin-17A
References
1. Miossec P. Are T cells in rheumatoid synovium aggressors or bystanders? Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2000; 12:181-5.
2. Paunovic V, Carroll HP, Vandenbroeck K, et al. Crossed signals: the role of interleukin (IL)-12, -17, -23, and -27 in autoimmunity. Rheumatol. 2008; 47:771-6.
3. Steinman L. A brief history of TH17, the first major revision in the TH1/TH2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage. Nat. Med. 2007; 13:139-145.

IL-17 Antibody

2011-06-23T06:38:00.003-08:00

IL-17 Antibody

Catalog#:4887

Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a family of pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by activated T cells and is thought to have a major role in the initiation and perpetuation of rheumatoid arthritis. IL-17 regulates the activities of NF-kB and mitogen-activated protein kinases such as ERK and JNK. In addition, IL-17 stimulates the expression of IL-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 and enhances the production of nitric oxide. IL-17-producing T helper cells (TH-17 cells) have been the subject of much attention due to the importance of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammation. Because of its role in autoimmune diseases, it is thought that targeting the production and action of IL-17 would be beneficial therapeutically in these diseases.

Additional Names: IL-17 (IN), Interleukin-17, IL-17A, CTLA8

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IL-17 in A-20 lysate with IL-17 antibody at (A) 0.5 and (B) 1 µg/ml.

Source:IL-17 antibody was raised against a 19 amino acid peptide from near the center of human IL-17A.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IL-17 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: IL-17 antibody can be used for the detection of IL-17 by Western blot at 0.5 – 1 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4887P - IL-17 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IL-17 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1.Cat. No. 1288 - A20 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M
GI Number: 4504651
Accession Number: NP_002181
Short Description: (IN) Interleukin-17A
References
1. Miossec P. Are T cells in rheumatoid synovium aggressors or bystanders? Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2000; 12:181-5.
2. Paunovic V, Carroll HP, Vandenbroeck K, et al. Crossed signals: the role of interleukin (IL)-12, -17, -23, and -27 in autoimmunity. Rheumatol. 2008; 47:771-6.
3. Steinman L. A brief history of TH17, the first major revision in the TH1/TH2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage. Nat. Med. 2007; 13:139-145.

IKK gamma Antibody

2011-06-23T06:31:00.004-08:00

IKK gamma Antibody

Catalog#:2335

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and an essential mediator of gene expression during activation of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappaB mediates the expression of a great variety of genes in response to extracellular stimuli. NF-kappaB is associated with IkB proteins in the cell cytoplasm, which inhibit NF-kappaB activity. The IkB kinase (IKKalpha and IKKbeta) phosphorylates IkB and mediates NF-kappaB activation. A novel molecule in the IKK complex was recently identified and termed IKKgamma/NEMO/FIP3/IKKAP1 (1-5). IKKg interacts with IKKbeta and is required for the activation of IKK complex and NF-kappaB by LPS, PMA, TNF, and IL-1 stimulation (1-4). FIP3 was also shown to bind to RIP and NIK and to mediate TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation (3).

Additional Names: IKK gamma (CT),IKKg / NEMO, NEMO, FIP3

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IKK gamma in HeLa whole cell lysate with IKK gamma antibody at 1 µg/ml.

Below: Immunocytochemistry of IKK gamma in HeLa cells with IKK gamma antibody at 5 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:IKK gamma antibody was raised against a peptide corresponding to amino acids 400 to 416 of human IKK gamma, which are identical to those of mouse homologue.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IKK gamma antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Human IKK gamma Peptide (Cat. No. 2335P)
Application: IKK gamma antibody can be used for detection of IKK gamma by Western blot at 0.5 to 1 µg/ml.A 52 kDa band should be detected. IKK gamma has no cross response to IKK alpha or IKK beta.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, ICC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 2335P - IKK gamma Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IKK gamma antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1.Cat. No. 1201 - HeLa Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 3641279
Accession Number: AF074382
Short Description: (CT) IkB Kinase gamma
References
1. Rothwarf DM, Zandi E, Natoli G, Karin M. IKK-gamma is an essential regulatory subunit of the IkappaB kinase complex. Nature 1998;395(6699):297-300
2. Yamaoka S, Courtois G, Bessia C, Whiteside ST, Weil R, Agou F, Kirk HE, Kay RJ, Israel A. Complementation cloning of NEMO, a component of the IkappaB kinase complex essential for NF-kappaB activation. Cell. 1998;93(7):1231-40.
3. Li Y, Kang J, Friedman J, Tarassishin L, Ye J, Kovalenko A, Wallach D, Horwitz MS. Identification of a cell protein (FIP-3) as a modulator of NF-kappaB activity and as a target of an adenovirus inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96(3):1042-7
4. Mercurio F, Murray BW, Shevchenko A, Bennett BL, Young DB, Li JW, Pascual G, Motiwala A, Zhu H, Mann M, Manning AM. IkappaB kinase (IKK)-associated protein 1, a common component of the heterogeneous IKK complex. Mol Cell Biol. 1999;19(2):1526-38.

Clone Antibody

2011-06-22T08:12:00.004-08:00

Clone Antibody

IKK epsilon Antibody

2011-06-22T08:04:00.004-08:00

IKK epsilon Antibody

Catalog#:2329

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and an essential mediator of gene expression during activation of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappaB mediates the expression of a great variety of genes in response to extracellular stimuli. NF-kappaB is associated with IkB proteins in the cell cytoplasm, which inhibit NF-kappaB activity. IkB is phosphorylated by IkB kinase (IKK) complex that contains IKKalpha, IKKbeta, and IKKgamma. A novel molecule in the IKK complex was recently identified and designated IKKepsilon/IKK-i (1,2). IKK epsilon is required for the activation of NF-kappaB by PMA and T cell receptors but not by TNFalpha and IL-1 (1). IKKepsilon/IKK-i message is expressed in a variety of tissues and is inducible by TNFalpha, IL-1, and LPS (2).

Additional Names: IKK epsilon (CT), IKKi, IKKe

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IKK epsilon in Jurkat whole cell lysate with IKK epsilon/IKK-i antibody at 1 µg/ml.

Below: Immunohistochemistry of IKK epsilon in human pancreas tissue with IKK epsilon antibody at 10 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:IKK epsilon antibody was raised against a peptide corresponding to amino acids 701 to 716 of human IKK epsilon/IKK-i.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IKK epsilon antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Human IKK epsilon Peptide (Cat. No. 2329P)
Application: IKK epsilon antibody can be used for detection of IKK epsilon by Western blot at 0.5 to 1 µg/ml.An 80 kDa band should be detected. It has no cross response to IKKa, IKKb, or IKKy.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 2329P - IKK epsilon Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IKK epsilon antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1205 - Jurkat Cell Lysate
2. Cat. No. 1307 - Human Pancreas Tissue Lysate
Species Reactivity: H
GI Number: 7288877
Accession Number: AF241789
Short Description: (CT) IkB Kinase epsilon
References

1. Peters RT, Liao SM, Maniatis T. IKK epsilonpsilon is part of a novel PMA-inducible IkappaB kinase complex. Mol Cell 2000;5(3):513-22
2. Shimada T, Kawai T, Takeda K, Matsumoto M, Inoue J, Tatsumi Y, Kanamaru A, Akira S. IKK-i, a novel lipopolysaccharide-inducible kinase that is related to IkappaB kinases. Int Immunol 1999;11(8):1357-62 (WD010

IKK beta Antibody

2011-06-22T07:57:00.004-08:00

IKK beta Antibody

Catalog#:2121

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and an essential mediator of gene expression during activation of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappaB mediates the expression of a great variety of genes in response to extracellular stimuli including IL-1, TNFalpha, and bacteria product LPS. NF-kappaB is associated with IkappaB proteins in the cell cytoplasm, which inhibit NF-kappaB activity. The long-sought IkappaB kinase (IKK), which phosphorylates IkappaB, and mediates IkappaB degradation and NF-kappaB activation, was recently identified by several laboratories (1-5). IKK is a serine protein kinase, and the IKK complex contains alpha and beta subunits (IKKalpha and IKKbeta). IKKalpha and IKKbeta interact with each other and both are essential for NF-kappaB activation. IKKbeta phosphorylates both IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-beta. IKKbeta is expressed in variety of human tissues.

Additional Names: IKK beta (C3), IKK beta, I-kappa-B-kinase beta, I-kappa-B-kinase 2

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IKK beta in Jurkat whole cell lysate with IKK beta antibody (C3) at 1:500 dilution.

Below: Immunocytochemistry staining of HeLa cells using IKK beta antibody at 10 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:IKK beta antibody was raised against a peptide corresponding to amino acids near the carboxy-terminus of human IKK beta (Genbank accession NoO14920), which differs from corresponding murine sequence by one amino acid.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IKK beta antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies
Immunogen: Human IKK beta (C-Terminus 3) Peptide (Cat. No. 2121P)
Application: IKK beta antibody can be used for detection of IKK beta by Western blot at 1 – 2 µg/ml.A 87 kDa band should be detected. This polyclonal antibody has no cross response to IKKa or IKKy.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, ICC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 2121P - IKK beta Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IKK beta antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1205 - Jurkat Cell Lysate
2. Cat. No. 1201 - HeLa Whole Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H
GI Number: 14285497
Accession Number: O14920
Short Description: (C3) Ikappa B kinase beta
References

1. DiDonato JA, Hayakawa M, Rothwarf DM, Zandi E, Karin M. A cytokine-responsive IkappaB kinase that activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Nature 1997;388:548-54
2. Regnier CH, Song HY, Gao X, Goeddel DV, Cao Z, Rothe M. Identification and characterization of an IkappaB kinase. Cell 1997;90:373-83
3. Zandi E, Rothwarf DM, Delhase M, Hayakawa M, Karin M. The IkappaB kinase complex (IKK) contains two kinase subunits, IKKalpha and IKKbeta, necessary for IkappaB phosphorylation and NF-kappaB activation. Cell 1997;91:243-52
4. Woronicz JD, Gao X, Cao Z, Rothe M, Goeddel DY. IkappaB kinase-alpha: NF-kappaB activation and complex formation with IkappaB kinase-alpha and NIK. Science 1997;278:866-9

IKK alpha Antibody

2011-06-22T07:45:00.004-08:00

IKK alpha Antibody

Catalog#:2117

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and an essential mediator of gene expression during activation of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappaB mediates the expression of a great variety of genes in response to extracellular stimuli including IL-1, TNFalpha and bacteria product LPS. NF-kappaB is associated with IkB proteins in the cell cytoplasm, which inhibit NF-kappaB activity. The long-sought IΚB kinase (IKK), which phosphorylates IkappaB, and mediates IkappaB degradation and NF-kappaB activation, was recently identified by several laboratories (1-5). IKK is a serine protein kinase, and the IKK complex contains alpha and beta subunits (IKKalpha and IKKΒ). IKKalpha and IKKbeta interact with each other and both are essential for the NF-kappaB activation. IKKalpha specifically phosphorylates IkappaB-alpha. IKKalpha is expressed in a variety of human tissues.

Additional Names: IKK alpha (C3), IKK-1, IKKa

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IKK alpha in Jurkat whole cell lysate with IKK alpha antibody (C3) at 1:500 dilution.

Below: Immunocytochemistry of IKK alpha in Jurkat cells with IKK alpha antibody at 10 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:IKK alpha antibody was raised against a peptide corresponding to amino acids 658 to 674 of human IKK alpha, which differs from corresponding murine sequence by one amino acid.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IKK alpha antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Human IKK alpha (C-Terminus 3) Peptide (Cat. No. 2117P)
Application: IKK alpha antibody can be used for detection of IKK alpha by Western blot at 1:500 to 1:1000 dilution. An 85 kDa band should be detected. This polyclonal antibody has no cross response to IKKb or IKKy.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, ICC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 2117P - IKK alpha Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IKK alpha antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1205 - Jurkat Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H
GI Number: 2327068
Accession Number: AF009225
Short Description: (C3) Ikappa B kinase alpha
References
1. DiDonato JA, Hayakawa M, Rothwarf DM, Zandi E, Karin M. A cytokine-responsive IkappaB kinase that activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Nature 1997;388:548-54
2. Regnier CH, Song HY, Gao X, Goeddel DV, Cao Z, Rothe M. Identification and characterization of an IkappaB kinase. Cell 1997;90:373-83
3. Zandi E, Rothwarf DM, Delhase M, Hayakawa M, Karin M. The IkappaB kinase complex (IKK) contains two kinase subunits, IKKalpha and IKKbeta, necessary for IkappaB phosphorylation and NF-kappaB activation. Cell 1997;91:243-52
4. Woronicz JD, Gao X, Cao Z, Rothe M, Goeddel DY. IkappaB kinase-alpha: NF-kappaB activation and complex formation with IkappaB kinase-alpha and NIK. Science 1997;278:866-9

DNA Test For Free

2011-06-21T07:52:00.001-08:00

DNA Test For Free

At Biosynthesis DNA Diagnostics is a multi-species molecular genetics laboratory specializing in human and animal DNA testing for individuals, law enforcement, attorneys, breed associations, private investigators and state regulatory agencies.

DNA Familial Relationship Tests

DNA testing can definitively identify distant biological relationships. Our laboratory routinely performs DNA tests in cases of questioned grandparent age, siblingship, twin zygosity, maternity and more.

DNA Identification and Verification

The DNA Identity Testing Center also provides genetic profiling via our SAFEDNATM ID card. Your SAFEDNA ID card will provide positive identification and may be used to ensure child safety, prevent fraud and protect asset.

DNA-Binding Proteins

Structural proteins that bind DNA are well-understood examples of non-specific DNA-protein interactions. Within chromosomes, DNA is held in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin.

For more information visit: www.biosyn.com

IKK alpha Antibody

2011-06-21T07:47:00.004-08:00

IKK alpha Antibody

Catalog#:2115

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and an essential mediator of gene expression during activation of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappaB mediates the expression of a great variety of genes in response to extracellular stimuli including IL-1, TNFalpha and bacteria product LPS. NF-kappaB is associated with IkB proteins in the cell cytoplasm, which inhibit NF-kappaB activity. The long-sought IkappaB kinase (IKK), which phosphorylates IkappaB, and mediates IkappaB degradation and NF-kappaB activation, was recently identified by several laboratories (1-5). IKK is a serine protein kinase, and the IKK complex contains alpha and beta subunits (IKKalpha and IKKΒ). IKKalpha and IKKb interact with each other and both are essential for the NF-kappaB activation. IKKalpha specifically phosphorylates IkappaB-Α.IKKalpha is expressed in a variety of human tissues.

Additional Names: IKK alpha (C2), Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase alpha subunit, IkappaB kinase alpha, NFkappaB inhibitor kinase alpha, IKKa

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IKK alpha in HeLa whole cell lysate with IKK alpha antibody at 1:500 dilution.

Below: Immunocytochemistry of IKK alpha in HeLa cells with IKK alpha antibody at 10 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:IKK alpha antibody was raised against a peptide corresponding to amino acids 699 to 715 of human IKK alpha, which differs from corresponding murine sequence by one amino acid
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IKK alpha antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Immunogen: Human IKK alpha (C-Terminus 2) Peptide (Cat. No. 2115P)
Application: IKK alpha antibody can be used for detection of IKK alpha by Western blot at 1:500 to 1:1000 dilution. A 85 kDa band should be detected. This polyclonal antibody has no cross response to IKKb or IKKy.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, ICC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 2115P - IKK alpha Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IKK alpha antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1201 - HeLa Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H
GI Number: 2327068
Accession Number: AF009225
Short Description: (C2) Ikappa B kinase alpha
References
1. DiDonato JA, Hayakawa M, Rothwarf DM, Zandi E, Karin M. A cytokine-responsive IkappaB kinase that activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Nature 1997;388:548-54
2. Regnier CH, Song HY, Gao X, Goeddel DV, Cao Z, Rothe M. Identification and characterization of an IkappaB kinase. Cell 1997;90:373-83
3. Zandi E, Rothwarf DM, Delhase M, Hayakawa M, Karin M. The IkappaB kinase complex (IKK) contains two kinase subunits, IKKalpha and IKKalpha, necessary for IkappaB phosphorylation and NF-kappaB activation. Cell 1997;91:243-52
4. Woronicz JD, Gao X, Cao Z, Rothe M, Goeddel DY. IkappaB kinase-beta: NF-kappaB activation and complex formation with IkappaB kinase-alpha and NIK. Science 1997;278:866-9

IKK alpha Antibody

2011-06-21T07:42:00.003-08:00

IKK alpha Antibody

Catalog#:2025

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and an essential mediator of gene expression during activation of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappaB mediates the expression of a great variety of genes in response to extracellular stimuli including IL-1, TNFa, and bacteria product LPS. NF-kappaB is associated with IkappaB proteins in the cell cytoplasm, which inhibit NF-kappaB activity. The long-sought IkappaB kinase (IKK), which phosphorylates IkappaB, and mediates IΚB degradation and NF-kappaB activation, was recently identified by several laboratories (1-5). IKK is a serine protein kinase, and the IKK complex contains alpha and beta subunits (IKKalpha and IKKbeta). IKKa and IKKbeta interact with each other and both are essential for the NF-kappaB activation. IKKalpha specifically phosphorylates IkB-alpha. IKKalpha is expressed in variety of human tissues.

Additional Names: IKK alpha (C1), IKKa, IKK-1

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IKK alpha in HeLa whole cell lysate with IKK alpha antibody at 1:1000 dilution.

Below: Immunocytochemistry of IKK alpha in Jurkat cells with IKK alpha antibody at 1µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:IKK alpha antibody was raised against a peptide corresponding to amino acids 716 to 734 of human IKK alpha, which differs from corresponding murine sequence by four amino acids.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IKK alpha antibody was raised in rabbit.
Immunogen: Human IKK alpha (C-Terminus 1) Peptide (Cat. No. 2025P)
Application: IKK alpha can be used for detection of IKK alpha by Western blot at 1:1000 to 1:2000 dilution. An 85 kDa band should be detected. antibody has no cross response to IKKb or IKKg.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, ICC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat. No. 2025P - IKK alpha Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IKK alpha antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1201 - HeLa Cell Lysate
2. Cat. No. 1205 Jurkat Whole Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H
GI Number: 2327068
Accession Number: AF009225
Short Description: (C1) Ikappa B kinase alpha
References
1. DiDonato JA, Hayakawa M, Rothwarf DM, Zandi E, Karin M. A cytokine-responsive IkappaB kinase that activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Nature 1997;388:548-54
2. Regnier CH, Song HY, Gao X, Goeddel DV, Cao Z, Rothe M. Identification and characterization of an IkappaB kinase. Cell 1997;90:373-83
3. Zandi E, Rothwarf DM, Delhase M, Hayakawa M, Karin M. The IkappaB kinase complex (IKK) contains two kinase subunits, IKKalpha and IKKbeta, necessary for IkappaB phosphorylation and NF-kappaB activation. Cell 1997;91:243-52
4. Woronicz JD, Gao X, Cao Z, Rothe M, Goeddel DY. IkappaB kinase-beta: NF-kappaB activation and complex formation with IkappaB kinase-alpha and NIK. Science 1997;278:866-9

IKAP Antibody

2011-06-21T07:35:00.004-08:00

IKAP Antibody

Catalog#:2337

IKAP was initially identified as a scaffold protein of the IkappaB kinase complex that could bind to IKKalpha, IKKbeta, NF-kappaB, and the NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), although later evidence has cast doubt on this. More recent reports show that mutations in IKAP such as a frameshift leading to a truncated protein or a missense mutation that leads to defective phosphorylation are responsible for the autosomal recessive genetic disease familial dysautonomia (FD). Reports indicating that it forms part of the RNA polymerase II transcription elongation complex suggest that this disease may be due to compromised transcription elongation. More recently, it was shown that IKAP associates with c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and could specifically enhance JNK activation induced by the upstream JNK activators MEKK1 and ASK1, indicating another possible cause for FD. At least two isoforms of IKAP are known two exist.

Additional Names: IKAP, IKK complex-associated protein, IKBKAP

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of IKAP in A-20 cell lysate with IKAP antibody at in (A) 0.5, and (B) 1 µg/ml.

Below: Immunocytochemistry of IKAP in A-20 cells with IKAP antibody at 1 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:IKAP antibody was raised against a 16 amino acid peptide from near the carboxy terminus of human IKAP.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: IKAP antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: IKAP antibody can be used for detection of IKAP by Western blot at 0.5 to 1 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, ICC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 2337P - IKAP Peptide
Long-Term Storage: IKAP antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1288 - A20 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M
GI Number: 3757822
Accession Number: AAC64258
Short Description: part of the RNA polymerase II transcription elongation complex
References
1. Cohen L, Henzel WJ, and Baeuerle PA. IKAP is a scaffold protein of the IkB kinase complex. Nature 1998; 395:292-6.
2. Krappmann D, Hatada EN, Tegethoff S, et al. The I kappa B kinase (IKK) complex is tripartite and contains IKK gamma but not IKAP as a regular component. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275:29779-87.
3. Anderson SL, Coli R, Daly IW, et al. Familial dysautonomia is caused by mutations of the IKAP gene. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2001; 68:753-8.
4. Hawkes NA, Otero G, Winkler GS, et al. Purification and characterization of the human elongator complex. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277:3047-52.

Amino Acid Serum

2011-06-20T08:33:00.001-08:00

Amino Acid Serum

Bio-Synthesis, with 20 years of experience in developing polyclonal antibodies, is a leading global provider of custom antibody production services. Our facility generates high-affinity custom antibodies with industry-leading titer guarantees and comprehensive antibody production packages that simplify the ordering process and present cost-effective methods to isolate epitope-specific antibodies. Visit www.biosyn.com and see why partner with Bio-Synthesis for your custom antibodies needs.

Amino Acid

In chemistry, an amino acid is a molecule containing both amine and carboxyl functional groups. In biochemistry, this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H2NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic subsistent. In the alpha amino acids, the amino and carboxylate groups are attached to the same carbon, which is called the α–carbon. The various alpha amino acids differ in which side chain (R group) is attached to their alpha carbon.

An Essential Amino Acid

An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism and therefore must be supplied in the diet.Nine amino acids are generally regarded as essential for humans: phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine. Arginine is required by infants and growing kids. They are called essential not because they are more important to life than the others, but because the body does not synthesize them, making it essential to include them in one's diet in order to obtain them.

Amino acids and DNA

DNA is a sequence of nucleotides. There are four nucleotides: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine. The exact sequence of these determines the code of each gene. When DNA is transcribed (the first step in expression of the gene), RNA is synthesized using this code. The RNA is a complementary copy of one strand of the DNA. The RNA leaves the nucleus and in the cytoplasm it is translated into a protein.

For more information visit: www.biosyn.com

Hrk Antibody

2011-06-20T07:54:00.003-08:00

Hrk Antibody

Catalog#:3771

Apoptosis plays a major role in normal organism development, tissue homeostasis, and removal of damaged cells. Hrk, a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 homology domain-3 (BH3)-only group of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, was also identified as novel protein induced during programmed neuronal death. It lacks significant homology to other Bcl-2 family members except for an 8-amino acid region that is similar to the BH3 motif of Bik. Hrk regulates apoptosis through interaction with the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL via this domain. It does not interact with the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Bak, or Bcl-XS. Hrk localizes to mitochondrial membranes in a pattern similar to that previously reported for Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Despite its predicted molecular weight, Hrk often migrates at 12-15 kDa.

Additional Names: Hrk, Harakiri, Neuronal death proteinDP

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of Hrk in mouse pancreas tissue lysate with Hrk antibody at (A) 2.5 and (B) 5 µg/ml.

Source:HRK antibody was raised against a 15 amino acid peptide from near the center of human Hrk.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: Hrk antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: Hrk antibody can be used for the detection of Hrk by Western blot at 2.5 - 5 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 3771P - Hrk Peptide
Long-Term Storage: Hrk antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1414 - Mouse Pancreas Tissue Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M
GI Number: 4504493
Accession Number: NP_003797
Short Description: a Bcl-2 family member involved durring programmed neuronal death
References
1. Lockshin RA, Osborne B, and Zakeri Z. Cell death in the third millennium. Cell Death Differ. 2000; 7:2-7.
2. Imaizumi K, Tsuda M, Imai Y, et al. Molecular cloning of a novel polypeptide, DP5, induced during programmed neuronal death. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272:18842-8.
3. Inohara N, Ding L, Chen S, et al. harakiri, a novel regulator of cell death, encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival-promoting proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. EMBO J. 1997; 16:1686-94.

GDF6 Antibody

2011-06-20T07:51:00.002-08:00

GDF6 Antibody

Catalog#:4691

Growth differentiation factors (GDFs) are members of the transforming growth factor (TGF) superfamily that is involved in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Both GDF6 and GDF7 are closely related to GDF5 which has been shown to induce activation of plasminogen activator, thereby inducing angiogenesis. It is predominantly expressed in long bones during fetal embryonic development and is involved in bone formation. In Xenopus, GDF6 is expressed at the edge of the neural plate and within the anterior neural plate including the eye fields. GDF6 is required for normal formation of some bones and joints in the limbs, skull, and axial skeleton. It may regulate patterning of the ectoderm by interacting with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and control eye development. Mutations in this gene result in colobomata, which are congenital abnormalities in ocular development, and in Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS), a congenital disorder of spinal segmentation.

Additional Names: GDF6 (CT), Growth Differentiation Factor 6, GDF16, GDF-6, CDMP2

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of GDF6 in SK-N-SH lysate with GDF6 antibody at (A) 0.5 and (B) 1 µg/ml.

Source:GDF6 antibody was raised against a 17 amino acid peptide near the carboxy terminus of the human GDF6.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: GDF6 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies
Application: GDF6 antibody can be used for detection of GDF6 by Western blot at 1 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4691P - GDF6 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: GDF6 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1.Cat. No. 1220 - SK-N-SH Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 48475062
Accession Number: NP_001001557
Short Description: (CT) Growth Differentiation Factor 6
References
1. Massague J. 1990. The transforming growth factor-beta family. Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. 6:597-641.
2. McPherron AC, Lawler AM, and Lee SJ. Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member. Nature 1997; 387:83-90.
3. Hanel ML and Hensey C. Eye and neural defects associated with loss of GDF6. BMC Dev. Biol. 2006; 6:43.
4. Settle SH Jr., Rountree RB, Sinha A, et al. Multiple joint and skeletal patterning defects caused by single and double mutations in the mouse Gdf6 and Gdf5 genes. Dev. Biol. 2003; 254:116-130.